原文
黄仲亨刓玉
东莞黄贞仲亨,性绝巧,所制金石竹木诸弄物,及雕刻印纽,为天人、山鬼、螭虎、白泽、飞狐、曰、鸟,各依石玉之色,点黄缀白,一一天成。即瓦砾入手,亦生光怪。湛若有《刓玉歌》云:"宝安山人黄仲亨,离奇坎砢尤多能。文心赋手老莫展,乃与怪石争崚嶒。有时得钱但沽酒,蛟螭盘拿入双手。不知切玉与切泥,但见鱼凫飒飞走"。南海有朱未央者,所摹秦汉印章亦古雅,于晶玉上作蝇头真草字体,遒媚如二王,迅疾若风。
白话
中文
东莞人黄贞(字仲亨),天性极其灵巧,他制作的金、石、竹、木等各种小玩意儿,以及雕刻的印章顶钮,刻成天人、山鬼、螭虎、白泽、飞狐、日(或指某种特定图案/生物)、鸟雀等形象,都能根据玉石等材料本身的颜色,巧妙点缀黄色或白色,个个如同天然生成。即使是碎瓦、小石子到了他手里,也能焕发出奇妙的光彩。湛若(湛若水)曾作《刓玉歌》说:“宝安(东莞古称)山人黄仲亨,才华奇异能力强。文学才情难施展,只好与奇石比高强。有时挣得钱财只够买酒喝,(雕刻时)蛟龙螭虎仿佛盘踞在他双手中。他雕刻时技艺高超,仿佛不知道是在刻玉还是在捏泥,只见(刻出的)鱼儿野鸭栩栩如生,如同飞翔奔走一般”。南海县有个叫朱未央的人,他仿刻的秦汉印章也十分古朴雅致,能在水晶、玉石上刻写蝇头大小的楷书和草书字体,笔力遒劲秀美如同王羲之、王献之父子,下笔迅疾如风。
英文
Huang Zhen (style name Zhongheng) from Dongguan was exceptionally skillful by nature. The various small objects he crafted from gold, stone, bamboo, and wood, as well as the seal knobs he carved, depicted figures such as celestial beings, mountain spirits, chi-dragons and tigers, Bai Ze (a mythical creature), flying foxes, suns (or possibly another specific motif/creature denoted by "曰"), and birds. He adeptly utilized the natural colors of the jade or stone, adding touches of yellow or white, making each piece appear naturally formed. Even broken tiles or pebbles, when in his hands, could emit a wondrous brilliance. Zhan Ruo (Zhan Ruoshui) once wrote in his "Song of Carving Jade": "Huang Zhongheng, the mountain man of Bao'an (ancient name for Dongguan), is eccentric yet highly capable. Unable to fully express his literary talents, he instead contends with the ruggedness of strange stones. Sometimes, the money he earns is only enough for wine, while dragons coil within his hands (as he carves). He carves with such ease, seemingly unaware if he is cutting jade or molding clay; one only sees the fish and wild ducks (he creates) vividly flying and running." In Nanhai county, there was a man named Zhu Weiyang, whose replicas of Qin and Han dynasty seals were also archaic and elegant. He could inscribe characters as small as fly heads in regular and cursive script on crystal and jade, with a style as powerful and graceful as the Two Wangs (Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi), and executed with the swiftness of the wind.
文化解读/分析
此条目记述了清初广东东莞地区两位技艺高超的工艺匠人:黄仲亨和朱未央。
- 高超的民间工艺水平:黄仲亨的“绝巧”体现在他对多种材质(金、石、竹、木、玉,乃至瓦砾)的驾驭能力,以及将平凡材料化腐朽为神奇的技艺。他雕刻题材广泛,包括神话人物(天人、山鬼)、瑞兽(螭虎、白泽)和自然生物(飞狐、鸟、鱼、凫),反映了当时流行的审美趣味和民间信仰。
- 因材施艺的创作理念:“各依石玉之色,点黄缀白,一一天成”体现了中国传统工艺中“因材施艺”、“巧色”的重要原则,即根据材料的自然特性(如颜色、纹理)进行构思和创作,力求达到自然和谐的效果。
- 文人与工匠的互动:名士湛若水为黄仲亨作《刓玉歌》,不仅赞扬其技艺,也侧面描绘了这位匠人的生活状态与性格(才华横溢却可能怀才不遇,寄情于工艺,性格放达),反映了当时社会文人对民间高超技艺的关注和欣赏。诗歌本身也成为记录民间工艺的重要文献。
- 地域工艺特色:条目将黄仲亨(东莞)与朱未央(南海)并列,展现了清初岭南地区(特别是广府地区)工艺美术的繁荣景象,尤其在玉石雕刻、印章篆刻和微雕(蝇头小字)方面达到了很高水平。朱未央的技艺更将雕刻与书法艺术相结合,体现了文人审美对工艺美术的影响。
- 民俗与艺术价值:记录这些身怀绝技的匠人及其作品,不仅保存了地方工艺史料,也反映了当时的物质文化、审美观念和民间信仰,是研究岭南民俗文化和艺术史的重要资料。
关键词
黄仲亨, 广东新语, 屈大均, 玉雕, 雕刻, 印纽, 工艺美术, 清代, 广东, 东莞, 岭南文化, 民俗, 湛若水, 刓玉歌, 朱未央, 篆刻, 微雕, 因材施艺, 巧色