原文

伏波神

　　伏波神，为汉新息侯马援。侯有大功德于越，越人祀之于海康、徐闻，以侯治琼海也。又祀之于横州，以侯治乌蛮大滩也。滩在横州东百余里，为西南湍险之最，舟从牂牁至广必经焉。滩有四，曰雷霹，曰龙门，曰虎跳，曰挂舵。每滩四折，折必五六里，出入乱石丛中，势如箭激，数有破溺之患。夹岸皆山，侯庙在其北麓，凡上下滩者必问侯，侯许乃敢放舟，每岁侯必封滩十余日，绝舟往来。新舟必磔一白犬以祭。有大风雨，侯辄驾铜船出滩，橹声喧豗，人不敢开篷窃视。晴霁时有铜篙铁桨浮出，则横水渡船必破覆，须祭禳之乃已，此皆侯之神灵所为云。凡过滩，每一舟拨招者四人，使舵者四人，前立望路者一人。左右侧竖其掌则舵随之，然此地仅一姓人知水道，世为滩师，余人则否，其人亦马流遗裔也。滩为交趾下流，征侧叛时，侯疏凿以运楼船，至今石势纵横，宛如壁垒，大小石分曹角斗，奇阵森然，戈甲之声，喧阗十余里外，侯威灵盖千年一日也。祠中床、帐、盘、盂诸物，祝人拂拭惟谨。居民每食必以祭，事若严君。予亦尝以交趾簳珠为荐，簳珠者薏苡也。

　　伏波祠广东、西处处有之，而新息侯尤威灵，其庙在交趾者，制狭小，周遭茅茨失火，庙恒不及，交趾绝神之。交趾人每惧汉人诉其过恶于侯而得疫病，于是设官二人守庙，不使汉人得入。而其君臣入而祭者，必膝行蒲伏，惴惴然以侯之诛殛为忧。侯之神长在交趾，凡以为两广封疆也。

白话

中文

　　伏波神，指的是汉代的新息侯马援。马援将军在古代越地（岭南地区）立有大功，当地人因此在海康、徐闻等地祭祀他，因为他曾治理海南岛。又在横州祭祀他，因为他曾治理乌蛮大滩。这处险滩在横州以东一百多里，是西南地区水流最湍急、最危险的地方，从牂牁江前往广州的船只都必须经过这里。险滩有四段，分别叫做雷霹、龙门、虎跳、挂舵。每一段滩流都有四处曲折，每处曲折长达五六里，船只穿行于乱石之间，水流像箭一样迅猛，经常发生船毁人亡的事故。险滩两岸都是山，伏波将军庙就建在北面山脚下。凡是要通过险滩的船只，都必须先向伏波神请示，得到神的允许才敢开船。每年伏波神必定会“封闭”险滩十几天，禁止船只通行。新造的船只下水前，必须宰杀一只白狗来祭祀。遇到大风雨天气，伏波神就会驾着铜船出现在险滩上，船桨声轰鸣作响，人们吓得不敢揭开船篷偷看。雨过天晴时，有时会有铜篙或铁桨漂浮出水面，这就预示着横水渡的渡船必定会翻沉，必须举行祭祀禳灾才能化解。据说这些都是伏波神显灵的表现。凡是过滩的船只，每船需要配备四名划桨手，四名舵手，船头站立一名观察水路的人。观察员用左右手掌的侧立来指示方向，舵手随之操纵。然而，这个地方只有某个姓氏的人熟悉水路，世代担任“滩师”（领航员），其他人都不行。这些人据说也是当年跟随马援南征的部下（马流）的后代。这处险滩位于通往交趾（今越南北部）河流的下游地段。当年征讨二征姐妹叛乱时，马援曾疏浚、开凿河道以便运输楼船。至今，这里的石头布局纵横交错，好像壁垒营寨，大小石头分组对抗，如同排兵布阵，水声轰鸣，仿佛兵器交击之声，十多里外都能听到。伏波将军的神威大概千年来从未减退。祠庙中的床、帷帐、盘子、盂盆等物品，主持祭祀的人都小心翼翼地擦拭。当地居民每次吃饭前都要先祭祀伏波神，像侍奉严厉的长辈一样恭敬。我也曾经用交趾出产的簳珠（薏苡）作为祭品。

　　伏波祠在广东、广西各地都有，但新息侯马援尤其显得神威赫赫。他在交趾的庙宇，规制狭小，周围的茅草屋多次失火，唯独庙宇总能幸免，交趾人对此极为信服，认为他非常神圣。交趾人常常害怕汉人向伏波神告他们的状，导致他们染上瘟疫，于是专门设置了两名官员看守庙宇，不让汉人进入。而交趾的君臣入庙祭祀时，必须双膝跪地，匍匐前行，诚惶诚恐，深怕遭到伏波神的惩罚。伏波神的神灵长驻交趾，普遍认为是为了守护广东和广西的疆土。

英文

The Fubo God refers to Ma Yuan, the Marquis of Xinxi during the Han Dynasty. General Ma Yuan rendered great service to the ancient Yue region (Lingnan area), so the locals worship him in places like Haikang and Xuwen, as he once governed Hainan Island. He is also worshipped in Hengzhou because he managed the Wuman Great Shoal. This treacherous shoal is located over a hundred li east of Hengzhou and is the most turbulent and dangerous waterway in the southwest; boats traveling from the Zangke River to Guangzhou must pass through it. The shoal has four sections, named Leipi (Thunderclap), Longmen (Dragon Gate), Hutiao (Tiger Leap), and Guaduo (Hung Rudder). Each section has four bends, each bend stretching five to six li, navigating through chaotic rocks where the current rushes like an arrow, frequently causing shipwrecks and drownings. Mountains flank both sides of the shoal, and the Temple of Marquis Fubo stands at the northern foot. All boats intending to pass through the shoal must first ask the Fubo God for permission; only with his consent dare they set sail. Every year, the god inevitably "seals" the shoal for more than ten days, prohibiting boat traffic. Before a new boat is launched, a white dog must be sacrificed. During severe storms, the Fubo God reportedly appears on the shoal navigating a bronze boat, the sound of its oars thunderous, making people too afraid to lift their boat covers to peek. When the weather clears after a storm, sometimes bronze poles or iron oars float to the surface, foretelling that the Hengshui ferry will surely capsize. Sacrifices must be made to avert the disaster. These are all said to be manifestations of the Fubo God's divine power. When navigating the shoal, each boat requires four rowers, four helmsmen, and one person standing at the bow to watch the route. The lookout uses the vertical orientation of his palms to signal directions, which the helmsmen follow. However, only people of a specific surname in this area know the waterway and serve as hereditary "shoal pilots" (Tanshi); others cannot do it. These people are said to be descendants of Ma Yuan's followers (Maliu). This shoal is downstream on the river route to Jiaozhi (present-day northern Vietnam). During the campaign against the Trưng sisters' rebellion, Ma Yuan dredged and channeled the river to transport warships (louchuan). To this day, the arrangement of rocks crisscrosses like ramparts and stockades; large and small rocks seem grouped for combat, forming imposing, strange formations. The sound of the water resembles the clash of weapons, audible over ten li away. General Fubo's divine authority seems undiminished over a thousand years. Inside the temple, items like the bed, curtains, plates, and bowls are meticulously wiped clean by the caretakers. Local residents offer food to the god before every meal, serving him with the reverence due to a strict elder. I, the author, also once offered Jiaozhi's ganzhu (Job's tears, Coix lacryma-jobi) as a tribute.

Fubo temples are found throughout Guangdong and Guangxi, but Marquis Xinxi (Ma Yuan) is particularly revered for his potent divine power. His temple in Jiaozhi is small in scale. Though surrounding thatched houses have caught fire multiple times, the temple has always remained unharmed, leading the people of Jiaozhi to deeply believe in his divinity. The people of Jiaozhi often fear that Han Chinese might report their wrongdoings to the Marquis, causing them to suffer plagues. Consequently, they appointed two officials to guard the temple and prevent Han Chinese from entering. When Jiaozhi's rulers and officials enter to worship, they must crawl on their knees, prostrating themselves, trembling with fear of the Marquis's punishment. The spirit of Marquis Fubo resides permanently in Jiaozhi, generally believed to be safeguarding the borders of Guangdong and Guangxi.

文化解读/分析

此条目记述了岭南地区，特别是广东、广西及越南北部（古称交趾）对汉代名将马援（被尊为“伏波神”）的崇拜。这种崇拜深刻反映了以下几点文化与民俗现象：

1. 历史人物神化：马援因其在岭南地区的赫赫战功（平定交趾叛乱）和治理功绩（疏浚河道、管理地方）而被当地人民神化，成为重要的地域保护神。这体现了中国传统文化中将有功于民的历史英雄人物转化为神祇加以崇拜的普遍模式。
2. 自然环境与信仰：对伏波神的崇拜与特定的险恶地理环境（乌蛮大滩）紧密相关。险滩的极端危险性催生了人们对超自然力量的敬畏和依赖，伏波神成为了航行安全的保护者，其“封滩”、显灵（铜船、铜篙铁桨）等传说，是人们试图理解和应对严酷自然挑战的体现。
3. 具体祭祀仪式：文中提到了明确的祭祀行为，如出行前请示神明、新船下水用白犬祭祀（磔犬）、日常供奉（每食必祭）等。这些仪式反映了民众与神灵沟通、祈求庇护的具体方式，具有鲜明的地域民俗特色。白犬祭祀可能与古代巫术或特定信仰有关。
4. 神权的社会功能：伏波神的信仰不仅关乎航运安全，也具有社会管理功能。例如，“封滩”习俗客观上可能起到了在特定时期（如洪水期）管制交通、减少事故的作用。对特定家族（滩师）掌握航行技术的解释，也赋予了其职业的神圣性和合理性。
5. 跨地域与跨族群影响：伏波信仰不仅流传于两广，更延伸至交趾。在交趾，伏波神既被敬畏（庙宇免于火灾），又被恐惧（担心汉人告状引致瘟疫，官民跪拜祈求免罪）。这反映了历史上汉文化对周边地区的影响，以及不同族群间复杂的关系——交趾人一方面承认马援的神威，另一方面又因其代表的汉朝权威而心存畏惧。伏波神甚至被视为两广边疆的守护者，带有一定的政治象征意义。
6. 历史记忆的延续：险滩地貌被想象为马援当年征战的战场遗迹（壁垒、奇阵、戈甲声），将自然景观与历史事件相结合，强化了地方的历史记忆和对伏波神的崇拜。作者以薏苡作祭品，亦是巧妙地嵌入了马援相关的历史典故（薏苡明珠）。

总而言之，“伏波神”条目生动展现了历史人物如何转化为地方神祇，其信仰如何与险恶的自然环境、具体的社会生活、仪式实践以及跨地域的文化互动和历史记忆交织在一起，是研究岭南地方信仰、人地关系、族群互动和历史文化传承的重要案例。

关键词

伏波神, 马援, 新息侯, 岭南, 广东, 广西, 交趾, 越南, 海康, 徐闻, 横州, 乌蛮大滩, 神祇崇拜, 地方神, 水神, 航运保护神, 民间信仰, 民俗, 祭祀, 仪式, 滩师, 显灵, 铜船, 薏苡, 二征姐妹, 历史人物神化