原文

风

南粤之风，当寒时天明无雨，从西北暴至，为颓为猋，其名曰〈风利〉，亦曰〈风利〉。当暑时天昏有雨，从东北暴至，其气纯青，是曰青东。青东之起，气甚寒，亦曰青冻。天昏无雨，从西北暴至，如雨雹声，又如乱石搏击，是曰石尤。其气赤，亦曰赤游。赤，火气也，游谓火之游气也。天色淡然，微有日光，无雨而作，如龙气往来不常，是曰狂龙。余则夏秋之交多飓，冬则多搅霜，以红霞暮起为兆，或腊月而大南骤作曰送年南，大北骤作曰暴北，又曰咸头，曰泥浪，此皆风之变者也。平常则多南风，然南风暖，利于物而不利人。盖岭南阴少阳多，故四时之气，辟多于阖，一岁间温暑过半。以日在南，故风自南来者恒暖。嘘噏太阳之气与火俱舒，又多起于赤天之暑门，故恒暖。暖风所至，百螣蠕蠕，铁力木出水，地蒸液，墙壁湿润生咸，衣裳白〈酉卜〉，书册霉〈黑宂〉。而粤人疏理，元府常开，毛腠不掩，每因汗溢，即致外邪。盖汗为病之媒，风为汗之本，二者一中，寒疟相乘，其疾往往为风淫。大抵岭南春夏多南风，秋冬多北，反是则雨，故凡疾病多起于风。故《观》卦，风行地上，而君子必以观我生、观其生为务。盖风主虫，人为倮虫之长，以风生，亦以风死。风之不正，莫甚于广南，故多疯疾。疯字从风，可以知其患之所自矣。《内经》云："卑下之地，春气长存。"故东南之民，感风症多。《陆胤传》云："南海岁有旧风、障气之害。风则折木飞砂转石，气则雾郁，飞鸟不经。自胤至州，风气绝息。孝陵敕使臣云："炎方多热少寒，其气柔弱，最易冒风，非仁人君子不得而寿，并不得而寿斯民。"圣言哉！

谚曰："南风尾，北风头。"盖地势北高而南下，南风从下而起，故为尾。又南风愈吹愈大，其大在尾。北风初起即大，其大在头故也。粤处南方，当岁寒时，每三二日南风则有雾。北方不然，三二日南风则有雪。凡雾从地起，南风之尾为之，是曰南风雾。其散必以北风，以暖而起，以寒而止也。雪自天来，北风之头为之，是曰北风雪。其晴必以南风，以寒而起，以暖而止也。

海南三四月时，昼有南风。夜则无之。至五月乃有过夜南。谚曰："半北半南三二月，南风过夜必端阳。"然琼周岁皆东风，夏秋必飓。琼苦飓风，崖则南风亦苦。盛夏时士庶出入，率以青布裹头。盖南风为厉，一侵阳明，则病不可起云。

风之起，潮辄乘之。谚曰："潮长风起，潮平风止。风与潮生，潮与风死。"凡朔望越二三日，潮初风，风必大。上下弦越二三日，潮渐退，风必小。盖风者水之母，水生于风者谓之阴水，潮是也。雷者水之父，水生于雷者谓之阳水，雨是也。雨起于山，潮起于海，海为阴，故潮亦阴。潮以阴故咸，风乘咸潮而起，谓之咸头。

凡海中，以子时末阴与阳合而潮生，为阳水。午时末阳与阴合而汐生，为阴水。水乘气而生，风亦因之。气为水之本，风为水之末，气自北来而水长，风自南来而水消。长者自北而南，为南海之潮，消者自南而北，为北海之汐。

白话

中文

风

南粤地区的风，在寒冷时节，如果天晴无雨，会从西北方向突然刮来，势头猛烈如同摧毁、如同旋风，这种风名叫“〈风利〉”（音“利”，意为猛烈之风）。在炎热时节，如果天色昏暗并伴有雨水，会从东北方向突然刮来，风气呈现纯青色，这叫做“青东”。青东风起时，天气很冷，所以也叫“青冻”。如果天色昏暗但没有雨，风从西北方向突然刮来，声音像雨点冰雹，又像乱石撞击，这叫做“石尤”。这种风带有赤色，所以也叫“赤游”。赤色，是火的气象；游，指的是火的流动之气。如果天色灰白，稍微有点日光，无雨而起风，风向不定如同龙的气息往来，这叫做“狂龙”。其他特殊的风，则有夏秋之交多发的飓风，冬天多发的“搅霜”风（能使霜冻搅动的寒风），这种风常以傍晚出现红霞为预兆。或者腊月里突然刮起大南风，叫做“送年南”；突然刮起大北风，叫做“暴北”，也叫“咸头”（带有海潮咸味的风）、“泥浪”（能掀起泥浪的风）。这些都是风的特殊变化。平常日子里则多是南风。然而南风气候温暖，对万物生长有利，但对人不利。因为岭南地区阴气少、阳气多，所以四季的气候，开放舒张的时候多于闭藏收敛的时候，一年之中温暖炎热的时间超过一半。因为太阳多在南方运行，所以从南边吹来的风常常是温暖的。这种风吸入了太阳的热气，与火气一同舒展，又多从南方炎热的“暑门”生起，所以常常是暖风。暖风吹到之处，各种虫蛇爬行，铁力木会渗出水汽，地面蒸腾湿气，墙壁湿润泛出盐霜，衣物上会发白霉，书籍册页会生黑霉。而广东人腠理（皮肤纹理）比较疏松，玄府（毛孔）常常张开，不能很好地闭合，每当出汗过多时，就容易招致外邪入侵。汗是引发疾病的媒介，风是导致出汗的根本原因，风邪与汗湿一旦侵入人体，寒症和疟疾就会接踵而至，所得的疾病往往属于“风淫”（风邪过盛所致）。大体上岭南地区春夏多刮南风，秋冬多刮北风，如果反常就会下雨，所以各种疾病大多是由风引起的。《易经》的《观》卦，象征风行于地上，君子因此必须注重观察自身的生命状况和万物的生命状况。大概风主管着虫类，而人是倮虫（无羽毛鳞甲的动物）之长，因风气而生，也会因风气而死。风气不正，没有比广南地区更厉害的了，所以这里多发“疯”疾。“疯”字从“风”，由此可知这种病的根源了。《黄帝内经》说：“地势低下潮湿的地方，春天般的湿气会长久存在。”所以东南地区的民众，感受风邪而得病的较多。《陆胤传》记载说：“南海郡每年都有旧风（飓风）、瘴气的危害。风灾能吹断树木、吹起沙石；瘴气则使雾气弥漫，连飞鸟都不敢经过。自从陆胤到任后，风灾和瘴气都停息了。”明太祖朱元璋曾敕令使臣说：“南方炎热之地多热少寒，（人的）气血体质比较柔弱，最容易感受风邪，如果不是仁德的君子（指能治理好地方的官员），百姓就不能长寿，（官员自身）也不能长寿。”这真是圣人之言啊！

有句谚语说：“南风尾，北风头。”大概是因为地势北高南低，南风从低处往高处吹，势头在后面才逐渐加强，所以叫“尾”。也指南风越吹越大，最大的时候在后头。北风则是刚起的时候就很大，最大的时候在前头，所以叫“头”。广东地处南方，在寒冷的季节，每当刮两三天的南风，就会起雾。北方则不同，刮两三天的南风就会下雪。凡是雾都是从地面升起，是南风的“尾”造成的，这叫“南风雾”。雾的消散一定要靠北风，因为雾由暖而生，所以要因寒而止。雪是从天上降下来，是北风的“头”造成的，这叫“北风雪”。雪后转晴一定要靠南风，因为雪由寒而生，所以要因暖而止。

海南岛三、四月的时候，白天有南风，晚上则没有。到了五月才有整夜都刮的南风。谚语说：“半北半南三二月，南风过夜必端阳。”然而琼州（海南岛）一年到头都刮东风，夏秋两季必定有飓风。琼州人苦于飓风，崖州（今三亚一带）人则也苦于南风。盛夏时，士人百姓出门，大多用青布包着头。大概是因为南风很厉害，一旦侵犯了阳明经（足阳明胃经，循行于头面），就会生病不起。

风刮起的时候，潮水往往乘势而起。谚语说：“潮长风起，潮平风止。风与潮生，潮与风死。”凡是农历初一（朔）、十五（望）之后的两三天，潮水开始涨，风必定很大。农历初七八（上弦）、二十二三（下弦）之后的两三天，潮水逐渐退去，风必定会变小。大概风是水的“母亲”，由风生成的水叫做“阴水”，潮水就是这样。雷是水的“父亲”，由雷生成的水叫做“阳水”，雨水就是这样。雨起源于山，潮起源于海，海属阴，所以潮水也属阴。潮水因为属阴所以是咸的，风乘着咸味的潮水刮起，就叫做“咸头”。

大凡在海中，以子时（午夜）末阴气与阳气交合而潮水生发，称为阳水。以午时（中午）末阳气与阴气交合而潮水退落（汐）生发，称为阴水。水是乘着气而生成的，风也是因此而起。气是水的根本，风是水的末梢。气从北方来则水涨（潮），风从南方来则水消（汐）。涨潮是从北向南运行，成为南海的潮；退潮是从南向北运行，成为北海的汐。

英文

Wind

In the Nanyue (Guangdong) region, during cold seasons, if the sky is clear and there's no rain, a wind may suddenly arrive from the northwest. It is destructive and whirlwind-like, known as "Fengli" (Sharp Wind). During hot seasons, if the sky is dim with rain, a wind may suddenly arrive from the northeast, appearing pure blue-green; this is called "Qingdong" (Blue-Green East). When the Qingdong wind blows, the air becomes very cold, so it's also called "Qingdong" (Blue-Green Freeze). If the sky is dim without rain, and a wind suddenly arrives from the northwest, sounding like hail or clashing stones, it's called "Shiyou" (Stone Blame). This wind carries a reddish hue, so it's also called "Chiyou" (Red Wanderer). Red signifies fire energy; wanderer refers to the flowing Qi of fire. If the sky is pale with faint sunlight, and wind arises without rain, moving erratically like a dragon's breath, it's called "Kuanglong" (Mad Dragon). Other special winds include frequent hurricanes (Ju) at the turn of summer and autumn, and the "Jiaoshuang" (Frost-Stirring) wind in winter, often heralded by red clouds at dusk. Alternatively, a sudden strong south wind in the twelfth lunar month is called "Songniannan" (Year-Sending South); a sudden strong north wind is called "Baobei" (Violent North), also known as "Xiantou" (Salty Head, carrying the salty smell of the tide) or "Nilang" (Muddy Wave, capable of stirring up muddy waves). These are all variable types of wind. Normally, the south wind prevails. However, the warm south wind benefits living things but is detrimental to people. This is because the Lingnan region has less Yin and more Yang energy. Thus, throughout the four seasons, the climate tends towards opening and expansion more than closing and storage; warm and hot periods occupy more than half the year. As the sun predominantly travels in the south, winds from the south are constantly warm. This wind inhales the sun's heat, expanding with fire energy, and often originates from the "heat gate" of the southern sky, hence its constant warmth. Where the warm wind reaches, insects and reptiles crawl about, Ironwood trees exude moisture, the ground steams, walls become damp and secrete salt, clothes grow white mildew, and books develop black mold. Moreover, the Cantonese people's skin texture (Couli) is relatively porous, their "Xuanfu" (pores) are often open and not well-sealed. Whenever they sweat excessively, external evils (pathogens) easily invade. Sweat is a medium for illness, and wind is the root cause of sweating. When wind-evil and dampness from sweat combine, cold and malarial diseases follow, often resulting in illnesses caused by excessive wind (Fengyin). Generally, Lingnan experiences south winds in spring and summer, and north winds in autumn and winter. Reversals usually bring rain, hence most illnesses are attributed to wind. Therefore, the "Guan" hexagram in the I Ching, symbolizing wind blowing over the earth, prompts the noble person to observe their own life and the lives of all beings. Wind governs insects, and humans, the chief of naked creatures (Luochong), are born through wind (Qi) and can also die because of it. Irregular wind patterns are most severe in Guangdong, leading to a high incidence of "Feng" (madness/wind-related) illnesses. The character "疯" (Feng - madness) contains the character "风" (Feng - wind), indicating the origin of the affliction. The "Inner Canon" (Neijing) states: "In low-lying, damp lands, the spring-like damp Qi persists." Thus, people in the southeast are prone to wind-related ailments. The "Biography of Lu Yin" records: "Nanhai Commandery suffers annual harm from old winds (hurricanes) and noxious vapors (Zhangqi). The wind breaks trees, blows sand, and moves stones; the vapors create dense fog that even birds avoid. After Lu Yin arrived, the wind and vapor calamities ceased." Emperor Xiaoling (referring to the Hongwu Emperor) instructed his envoy: "The southern regions are hot and lack cold; the people's Qi and constitution are weaker, making them susceptible to wind. Without benevolent gentlemen (capable officials), the people cannot achieve longevity, nor can (the officials themselves)." These are indeed sagely words!

A proverb says: "South wind tail, north wind head." This is likely because the terrain is high in the north and low in the south. The south wind blows uphill from below, its force building gradually, hence "tail." It also means the south wind grows stronger as it blows, its peak strength being at the end. The north wind, however, is strong from the outset, its peak strength being at the beginning, hence "head." Guangdong, being in the south, experiences fog whenever the south wind blows for two or three days during the cold season. This differs from the north, where two or three days of south wind bring snow. Fog rises from the ground, caused by the "tail" of the south wind; this is called "south wind fog." It disperses only with the north wind, arising from warmth and ceasing with cold. Snow falls from the sky, caused by the "head" of the north wind; this is called "north wind snow." Clearing after snow requires the south wind, as snow arises from cold and ceases with warmth.

On Hainan Island, during the third and fourth lunar months, there is south wind during the day but none at night. Only by the fifth month does the south wind blow through the night. A proverb says: "Half north, half south in the third and second months; south wind overnight means Dragon Boat Festival." However, Qiongzhou (Hainan) experiences east wind year-round, with inevitable hurricanes in summer and autumn. Qiongzhou suffers from hurricanes, while Yazhou (modern Sanya area) also suffers from the south wind. In high summer, scholars and commoners alike usually wrap their heads with blue cloth when going out. This is because the south wind is considered harsh; if it invades the Yangming meridian (which runs through the head and face), illness is said to be severe.

When the wind rises, the tide often follows. A proverb says: "Tide rises, wind starts; tide stills, wind stops. Wind is born with the tide, tide dies with the wind." Generally, two or three days after the new moon (Shuo) and full moon (Wang), when the tide begins to rise strongly, the wind will be strong. Two or three days after the first and third quarter moons (Shangxian, Xiaxian), when the tide gradually recedes, the wind will be weaker. Wind is considered the "mother" of water; water generated by wind is called "Yin water," like the tide. Thunder is the "father" of water; water generated by thunder is called "Yang water," like rain. Rain originates from the mountains, tide from the sea. The sea is Yin, thus the tide is also Yin. Because the tide is Yin, it is salty. Wind riding the salty tide is called "Xiantou" (Salty Head).

In the sea, around the end of the Zi hour (midnight), Yin and Yang combine, and the tide rises (Chao), considered Yang water. Around the end of the Wu hour (noon), Yang and Yin combine, and the ebb tide (Xi) begins, considered Yin water. Water arises by riding Qi (vital energy/air), and wind follows suit. Qi is the root of water, wind is its manifestation. Qi coming from the north causes water to rise (tide), wind coming from the south causes water to recede (ebb). The rising tide moves from north to south, becoming the tide of the South Sea; the receding ebb moves from south to north, becoming the ebb of the North Sea.

文化解读/分析

本条目是《广东新语》中关于地方性自然现象记述的典范，蕴含了丰富的文化和民俗价值。

1. 地方性知识体系与命名: 屈大均详细记录了广东地区各种特定风的名称（如〈风利〉、青东、石尤、狂龙、搅霜、送年南、暴北、咸头、泥浪等）及其伴随的天气现象、季节、方向、声音、颜色甚至温度感。这不仅是对地方气象的精细观察，更反映了一种将自然现象人格化、并赋予其独特地方标识的文化习俗。这些名称本身就是宝贵的民俗语汇和地方知识遗产。
2. 天人感应与环境健康观: 文章深刻体现了“天人感应”思想，将岭南地区“阴少阳多”、南风盛行的气候特点与当地居民的生理特性（腠理疏松、易出汗）及健康状况（易感风邪、多疯疾）联系起来。这反映了中国传统医学和养生文化中强调环境、气候对人体影响的观念（“风为百病之长”）。引用《易经》、《内经》、陆胤故事及明太祖语录，旨在用经典和历史例证加强气候影响健康乃至地方治理的论述，提升了地方经验的可信度与文化内涵。
3. 民俗谚语与生活智慧: 文中征引了多条关于风、雾、雪、潮汐的谚语（如“南风尾，北风头”、“潮长风起，潮平风止”等），这些谚语是长期生产生活经验的结晶，蕴含着朴素的自然规律认知和预测智慧，是研究地方民众生活经验和口传文化的重要资料。
4. 阴阳五行宇宙观的应用: 文章运用阴阳、气的观念解释风的成因、性质（暖风属阳）、风与潮汐的关系（风为水母属阴，雷为水父属阳；潮汐依时辰阴阳变化），以及南北地域差异（南风在南粤生雾，在北方生雪）。这展示了传统宇宙观如何被用来整合、解释各种自然现象，构建一个相互联系、有机统一的自然图景。
5. 区域认同与文化书写: 通过细致描绘广东独特的风候及其影响，屈大均不仅记录了地方风物，也间接塑造了对岭南地域特殊性的认知。对南风“利物不利人”的描述，以及对“疯”疾与“风”字关联的强调，都带有鲜明的地方色彩，有助于理解历史上对岭南环境及其居民的看法。对海南风俗（裹头巾防南风）的记述，也丰富了区域内部的文化多样性呈现。

总之，本条目融合了地方气象观察、民俗谚语、传统医学理论、阴阳哲学和历史记述，是研究清初岭南地区自然认知、环境观念、健康习俗和地方文化认同的宝贵文本。

关键词

风, 广东新语, 屈大均, 天语, 气象, 民俗, 地方知识, 谚语, 南风, 北风, 飓风, 青东, 石尤, 狂龙, 咸头, 天人感应, 阴阳, 气, 岭南, 广东, 海南, 气候, 健康, 传统医学, 潮汐, 风俗