原文
风候
广州风候，大抵三冬多暖，至春初乃有数日极寒，冬间寒不过二三日复暖。暖者岭南之常，寒乃其变，所以者阳气常舒，南风常盛。火不结于地下而无冰，水不凝于空中而无雪，无冰无雪故暖。
凡水之气欲其升，故传曰：“水无沉气。”火之气欲其降，故传曰：“火无灾燀。”广中火之房，气尝不降，故多燠。又传曰：“天无伏阴，地无散阳。”广中之阳多散，故四时常燠。大抵阳贵聚而不贵散，阴贵散而不贵聚，故《易》之《离》言：“畜牝牛吉。”畜者何？言贵乎阳之聚也。
凡地之阳气，自南而北，阴气自北而南。比年岭表甚寒，虽无雪霜，而凛烈惨妻之气，在冬末春初殊甚。北人至止，多有衣重裘坐卧火炕者。盖地气随人而转，北人今多在南，故岭表因之生寒也。予诗：“边人带得冷南来，今岁梅花春始开。头白老人不识雪，惊看白满越王台。”又云：“一自边人至，南中得雪看。炎天无旧暖，涨海有新寒。”
立春宜微寒。谚曰：“春寒春暖，春暖春寒。”盖南中以春寒为祥，其望春寒，所以望春暖也。春，立春也。一春之寒暖，以立春卜之。立春又宜晴。谚曰：“春晴一春晴，春阴一春阴。”而元日则宜微雨，宜北风，宜西北东北风，不宜南风。东风有微雨，而北风则寒，寒亦为春暖之兆。又以是日权水，水重则雨多，轻则雨少。日直其月，至十二日而止，以测十二月之水旱。寒故水重，水重者多雨，而年丰之兆也。
岭南之地，其属韶阳者，秋冬宜寒而反热，春夏宜热而反寒。青草、黄茅二瘴，即土著亦有染者。大抵冬不堪寒而春寒，夏不甚热而秋热，似与岭北气候较迟。而风鸢之戏，岭北以八九月，岭南以二三月，则地气升降，不惟稍迟，亦似相反，则亦楚之风候也。旧以隶属桂阳，盖亦有说。
岭南濒海之郡，土薄地卑，阳燠之气常泄，阴湿之气常蒸。阳泄，故人气往往上壅，腠理苦疏，汗常浃背，当夏时多饮凉洌，至秋冬必发痎疟。盖由寒气入脾，脾属土，主信，故发恒不爽期也。阴蒸，故晨夕雾昏，春夏雨淫，人民多中〈广埜〉湿，间发流毒，则头面四肢，倏然瘇痒，医以流气药攻之，每每不效。是曰走马胎。以灯火回环爆之，或男左女右，于手尺泽穴以艾灸之。其或霍乱、痁疟。腹痛不堪，是曰急沙，以炒盐沃清水饮之，或于足下股上，寻其紫色筋脉，以錣刺血出之，谓之刮沙，皆可愈。谚曰：“缓沙急沙，刺出血花，走马之胎，火爆如雷。”
白话
中文
气候特征
广州的气候特征，大体上冬季（农历十月、十一月、十二月）多数时候是温暖的，到了初春才会有几天特别寒冷，冬季即使有寒冷天气，也不过持续两三天就恢复温暖了。温暖是岭南地区的常态，寒冷则是异常现象。造成这种情况的原因是（本地）阳气常常舒展，南风经常盛行。地下的火气不凝结所以没有冰，空中的水汽不凝固所以没有雪，没有冰雪，所以气候温暖。
通常水的特性是倾向于上升的，所以古书上说：“水没有沉滞不升之气。”火的特性是倾向于下降的，所以古书上说：“火没有向上燃烧而不下降的。”（然而）广东地区属于《周易》八卦中的“离”卦（象征火），火气常常不能下降，所以天气多是温暖甚至炎热的。又有古书说：“天不应有潜藏不露的阴气，地不应有耗散不聚的阳气。”广东地区的阳气却常常耗散，所以一年四季经常温暖。大体上，阳气贵在聚集而不贵在耗散，阴气贵在散发而不贵在凝聚。所以《易经》的《离》卦说：“饲养母牛是吉利的。”饲养（畜）是什么意思呢？是说阳气的聚集是可贵的。
通常大地的阳气是从南向北运行，阴气是从北向南运行。近年来岭南地区非常寒冷，虽然没有霜雪，但那种刺骨、凄惨的寒气，在冬末春初时节尤其厉害。北方人来到这里，很多都穿着厚重的皮裘，坐在或躺在火炕上取暖。大概是地气随着人的迁徙而转变，现在很多北方人居住在南方，所以岭南地区也因此变得寒冷了。我的诗写道：“边地的人把寒冷带到了南方来，今年的梅花直到春天才开放。头发花白的老人从没见过雪，惊讶地看到越王台上一片白茫茫。”又说：“自从边地的人来了以后，南方才能看到雪。炎热的天气不再像过去那样暖和，南海的海水也增添了新的寒意。”
立春这一天适宜天气微寒。谚语说：“立春寒冷则预示整个春天温暖，立春温暖则预示整个春天寒冷。”大概是因为南方人认为立春寒冷是吉祥的征兆，他们盼望立春寒冷，正是因为盼望整个春天温暖。这里的“春”指的是立春。整个春季的寒暖，可以通过立春这一天的天气来预测。立春这一天又适宜晴朗。谚语说：“立春晴则整个春天都晴，立春阴则整个春天都阴。”而元旦（正月初一）这一天则适宜有微雨，适宜刮北风，适宜刮西北风或东北风，不适宜刮南风。刮东风时有微雨，而刮北风则天气寒冷，寒冷也是春天温暖的预兆。又在元旦这一天用秤称量水的重量，水重则预示当年雨水多，水轻则预示当年雨水少。从元旦开始，每天对应一个月，一直称到正月十二日，用来预测十二个月的降水和旱情。天气寒冷水就重，水重预示着雨水多，是年成丰收的征兆。
岭南地区，其中属于韶州、阳山一带的地方，秋冬季节本应寒冷却反而炎热，春夏季节本应炎热却反而寒冷。有所谓“青草瘴”、“黄茅瘴”，即使是本地土生土长的人也有可能感染。大体上是冬季承受不了寒冷而春季却寒冷，夏季不怎么炎热而秋季却炎热，气候似乎比岭北地区要晚一些。而放风筝的游戏，岭北地区是在八、九月份进行，岭南地区则是在二、三月份进行，这表明地气的升降变化，不仅稍微滞后，也似乎相反，这大概也是古楚国地域的气候特征。旧时这里隶属于桂阳郡，大概也是有原因的。
岭南靠近海边的郡县，土层薄，地势低，（人体内）温暖的阳气常常外泄，（环境中）阴寒潮湿的湿气常常蒸腾。阳气外泄，所以人的气机往往向上壅滞，肌表腠理松弛，汗水常常湿透脊背，夏天时如果过多饮用冰凉的饮料，到了秋冬季节就一定会引发痎疟（间日疟）。这大概是因为寒气侵入了脾脏，脾属土，五行中对应“信”，所以疟疾发作总是准时，从不失期。阴湿气蒸腾，所以早晚大雾弥漫，春夏两季雨水连绵不断，人们大多会感染湿邪（〈广埜〉湿），有时会引发流毒，导致头面和四肢突然红肿瘙痒，医生用疏导气机的药物治疗，往往没有效果。这种情况叫做“走马胎”。可以用灯火环绕烘烤患处发出爆响声，或者按照男左女右的原则，在手臂的尺泽穴用艾绒进行灸疗。有时发生霍乱、疟疾，腹痛难忍，这种情况叫做“急沙”。可以用炒热的盐冲入清水饮用，或者在脚下、大腿上寻找紫色的筋脉，用针刺破放出血液，这叫做“刮沙”，都可以治愈。谚语说：“不管是缓沙还是急沙，刺出血液像红花。遇到走马胎这种病，用火烘烤响如雷。”
英文
Climate Characteristics
The climate of Guangzhou is generally warm during the three winter months (the 10th, 11th, and 12th lunar months). Only at the beginning of spring are there a few days of extreme cold. Even when it gets cold in winter, the warmth returns after only two or three days. Warmth is the norm in the Lingnan region, while cold is the anomaly. The reason for this is that the Yang Qi (vital, active energy) often expands, and the south wind prevails. The fire element underground does not congeal, so there is no ice; the water vapor in the air does not condense, so there is no snow. Without ice and snow, the climate is warm.
Generally, the nature of water is to ascend, hence the ancient saying: "Water has no sinking Qi." The nature of fire is to descend, hence the ancient saying: "Fire does not blaze upwards without descending." However, the Guangdong region corresponds to the "Li" hexagram (symbolizing fire) in the I Ching (Book of Changes). The fire Qi often fails to descend, thus the weather is mostly warm or even hot. Another ancient text says: "Heaven should have no hidden Yin (passive, cold energy); Earth should have no dissipated Yang." Yet, the Yang Qi in the Guangdong region often dissipates, making it frequently warm throughout the four seasons. Generally, Yang Qi is valued when concentrated, not dissipated, while Yin Qi is valued when dispersed, not accumulated. Therefore, the Li hexagram in the I Ching states: "Raising a cow brings good fortune." What does raising (or nurturing, 'chu') mean? It signifies the value of concentrating Yang Qi.
Typically, the Earth's Yang Qi travels from south to north, and the Yin Qi travels from north to south. In recent years, the Lingnan region (south of the Nanling Mountains) has been very cold. Although there is no frost or snow, the biting, miserable cold is particularly severe in late winter and early spring. Northerners who come here often wear heavy furs and sit or lie on heated brick beds (kangs) for warmth. Perhaps the Earth's Qi shifts with human migration; now that many northerners reside in the south, the Lingnan region has consequently become colder. My poem reads: "The border people brought the cold south with them; this year, the plum blossoms bloomed only in spring. White-haired old men who had never known snow stared in amazement at the white covering Yue Wang Terrace." Another poem says: "Ever since the border people arrived, snow can be seen in the south. The scorching sky lacks its former warmth; the swelling sea holds a new chill."
On Lichun (Start of Spring), slightly cold weather is considered favorable. A proverb says: "A cold Lichun predicts a warm spring; a warm Lichun predicts a cold spring." This is likely because southerners regard a cold Lichun as an auspicious sign; they hope for a cold Lichun precisely because they hope for a warm spring. "Spring" here refers to Lichun day. The warmth or coldness of the entire spring season is predicted by the weather on Lichun. Lichun day is also preferably sunny. A proverb says: "A sunny Lichun means a sunny spring; an overcast Lichun means an overcast spring." However, on Yuanri (New Year's Day, the first day of the first lunar month), light rain is preferred, as are north, northwest, or northeast winds; south wind is unfavorable. An east wind might bring light rain, while a north wind brings cold, and cold is also a sign of a warm spring. Also, on New Year's Day, water is weighed: heavy water predicts abundant rain for the year, while light water predicts little rain. Starting from New Year's Day, each day corresponds to a month, up to the twelfth day, to forecast the rainfall and drought conditions for the twelve months. Cold weather makes water heavier; heavy water indicates more rain and is a sign of a bountiful harvest.
Within the Lingnan region, areas belonging to Shaozhou and Yangshan experience weather contrary to expectations: they are hot in autumn and winter when they should be cold, and cold in spring and summer when they should be hot. There are the so-called "Green Grass Miasma" and "Yellow Cogongrass Miasma," which even native inhabitants can contract. Generally, the winters are intolerably cold while the spring is cold; the summers are not very hot while the autumn is hot. The climate seems to lag behind that of the regions north of the Nanling Mountains (Lingbei). Furthermore, the game of flying kites is played in the eighth and ninth lunar months in Lingbei, but in the second and third lunar months in Lingnan. This suggests that the rising and falling of the Earth's Qi is not only slightly delayed but also seemingly reversed, resembling the climate characteristics of the ancient state of Chu. There might be a reason why this area was historically administered under Guiyang Commandery.
In the coastal commanderies of Lingnan, the soil is thin and the land is low-lying. The body's warm Yang Qi often leaks out, while the environment's damp Yin Qi frequently steams upwards. Because Yang Qi leaks out, people's vital energy tends to become congested upwards, the skin and pores become loose, and sweat often soaks the back. If one drinks too many cold beverages in summer, they will inevitably suffer from jienue (intermittent malaria) in autumn and winter. This is likely because cold Qi invades the spleen; the spleen belongs to the Earth element, which corresponds to "trustworthiness" (or regularity) in the Five Elements theory, hence the malaria attacks occur punctually, never missing their scheduled time. Because Yin dampness steams upwards, there is often heavy fog in the mornings and evenings, and continuous rain in spring and summer. People frequently suffer from dampness-related illnesses (referred to as Guangye Shi). Sometimes, a "wandering toxin" develops, causing sudden swelling and itching on the head, face, and limbs. Doctors often try to treat this with Qi-regulating medicines, usually without success. This condition is called Zouma Tai ("Running Horse Fetus"). It can be treated by circling the affected area with a lamp flame until it makes popping sounds, or by applying moxibustion (burning mugwort) on the Chize acupoint (LU5) on the arm – left arm for males, right arm for females. In cases of cholera or malaria with unbearable abdominal pain, known as Ji Sha ("Urgent Sha"), treatment involves drinking water mixed with roasted salt, or finding purplish veins on the feet or thighs and pricking them to release blood, a practice called Gua Sha ("Scraping Sha"). All these methods can lead to recovery. A proverb says: "Slow Sha or Urgent Sha, prick till blood blooms like a flower; for Zouma Tai ailment, fire bursts loud as thunder."
文化解读/分析
本段文字详细记述了清初广东，特别是广州地区的气候特征、相关的物候观测、岁时占卜习俗以及地方病与民间疗法，具有重要的民俗学和地方史研究价值。
- 气候认知与传统宇宙观： 作者运用阴阳五行和气的学说（阳气、阴气、火气、水气）来解释岭南温暖湿润的气候成因，认为“阳气常舒”、“南风常盛”是主因，并将广东地理对应于《易经》的“离”卦（火），体现了中国传统“天人相应”思想在地方知识体系中的应用。将温暖视为常态，寒冷视为“变”，反映了当地人对自身环境的基本认知。
- 气候变化与社会变迁的联系： 屈大均观察到当时岭南出现反常的寒冷天气，并将其归因于北方人的南迁（“地气随人而转”），甚至引用诗歌佐证。这不仅记录了气候现象，更折射出明末清初社会动荡、人口流动对地方环境认知的潜在影响，提供了一个独特的社会史视角。
- 岁时占卜与农业期望： 文中详细描述了通过立春、元旦的天气（寒暖、晴雨、风向）和“权水”（称量水的重量）来预测全年气候、雨水和收成的习俗。这反映了农业社会对气候的高度依赖以及趋吉避凶、祈求丰收的心理，是研究岭南地区农事习俗和民间信仰的重要资料。立春“尚寒”，元旦宜北风、微雨，水重则年丰等观念，是具体的地方性知识。
- 区域气候差异与物候对比： 作者注意到岭南内部（如韶阳地区）气候的反常现象，并将其与岭北进行对比，指出岭南物候（如放风筝时间）相对滞后甚至相反，并联系到古楚国气候特征和历史区划（桂阳郡），体现了细致的地理观察和历史考证意识。
- 地方病与民间疗法： 详细记述了因岭南湿热气候（“阳泄”、“阴蒸”）引发的常见病症，如痎疟、〈广埜〉湿（流毒、走马胎）、霍乱、急沙等，并记录了相应的民间疗法，如灯火爆、艾灸（男左女右取穴）、饮盐水、刮沙（刺络放血）等。这些是研究中医地方流派、岭南地区疾病史和民间医疗习俗的宝贵材料。“走马胎”、“急沙”、“刮沙”等俗称和谚语，生动地保存了当时的民间医学文化。
总之，“风候”一篇不仅是气候记录，更是地方知识、民间信仰、社会观察和传统医学实践的综合体现，为理解清初岭南地区的自然环境、社会生活和文化观念提供了丰富细节。
关键词
广东新语, 屈大均, 清代, 岭南, 广州, 气候, 风候, 气象, 温暖, 寒冷, 阳气, 阴气, 地气, 南风, 立春, 元旦, 占卜, 权水, 预测, 丰收, 农业, 物候, 风筝, 韶阳, 桂阳, 地方病, 瘴气, 痎疟, 湿气, 走马胎, 急沙, 刮沙, 艾灸, 民间疗法, 民俗, 地方史, 越王台