将失落的广东地方民俗文化重新带入大众视野

变风

原文

变风

  风之始发,恒以月七八之日及早暮二时,过此即甚暴烈,多不终朝。谚曰:“七风八到,九日无来风过造。”又曰:“朝三晚七,半夜下风无过日。”然近海多风,亦不尽如所云。三伏时有飓母起,数日间即有巨风起东北,必回南转西而后解,或未转西而解,则数日必复暴发。凡先西北而后东南曰左飓,辄起辄止曰石尤。石尤多以夏秋间潮上时发,发必三日连发,望西北云起如蠄蟧脚,瞬息即至,船行宜早避之。

  琼州有知风草,每能变化,乃虫所变。叶面背岁或一拆,或二三拆,或无之。每岁叶叶相同,无间彼此,土人以候岁之飓风有无多少。王佐诗:“飓母崩腾山岳移,方当海未练风时。琼南琼北无消息,独有知风小草知。”琼州最多飓风,飓风有祠,岁五月五日,郡守而下视祭,他郡则否。

白话

中文

变幻的风

风刚开始刮起的时候,通常在农历每月的初七、初八这两天以及早晨、傍晚这两个时辰。如果错过这些时间点刮起,风势就会非常猛烈,但大多持续不到一个上午。有谚语说:“初七起风,初八风到,要是初九还没来风,就不会突然刮起了。”又说:“早晨的风(一般)在辰时(上午7-9点),傍晚的风(一般)在申时(下午3-5点)之后,半夜刮起的风不会持续到天亮。”然而靠近海边的地区风多,情况也不完全像谚语说的那样。三伏天时节,有时会出现“飓母”(台风来临前的征兆云或天气现象),几天内就会有大风从东北方向刮起,必定要转向南面再转到西面然后才会停歇。如果没转到西面就停了,那么几天内必定会再次猛烈爆发。凡是先从西北起风然后转向东南的风叫做“左飓”,时起时停的风叫做“石尤风”。石尤风大多在夏秋季节涨潮时发生,一旦发生必定连续刮三天。观察西北方向有云像蠄蟧(螃蟹)脚一样升起,(那就是石尤风的征兆),风会瞬间到来,行船的人应该及早避开它。

琼州(今海南)有一种叫“知风草”的草,常常能变化,据说是虫子变的。它的叶面或叶背每年会裂开一次、或者两三次、或者不裂开。每一年里,所有的叶子都呈现相同的状态,没有差别。当地人用它来预测这一年的台风是会有还是没有,以及会有多少次。王佐有诗写道:“飓母来势汹汹如同山崩地裂,那时海面还未经历狂风的磨练。琼南琼北都还没有风的消息,只有小小的知风草能预先知晓。”琼州地区的台风最多,当地设有台风神祠,每年五月初五,从郡守到下属官员都会去祭祀,而其他郡县则没有这样的做法。

英文

Changing Winds

Winds typically begin to blow on the 7th or 8th day of the lunar month, and during the morning or evening hours. If winds start outside these times, they tend to be very fierce but often do not last the entire morning. There's a proverb: "Wind on the seventh, arrives on the eighth; if no wind by the ninth, it won't come suddenly." Another says: "Morning winds (usually) around Chen hour (7-9 AM), evening winds after Shen hour (3-5 PM); midnight winds won't last past sunrise." However, coastal areas experience frequent winds, and the situation doesn't always align with these proverbs. During the "Sanfu" (dog days of summer), sometimes a "hurricane mother" (a precursor cloud or weather phenomenon signaling an impending typhoon) appears. Within a few days, a strong wind will rise from the northeast, invariably shifting south and then west before subsiding. If it subsides before shifting west, it will surely return fiercely within days. Winds starting from the northwest and then shifting southeast are called "left hurricanes." Winds that start and stop intermittently are called "Shi You winds." Shi You winds often occur during high tides in summer and autumn. When they occur, they blow for three consecutive days. Look to the northwest for clouds rising like crab legs ("qimao" legs) – that's the sign of a Shi You wind. It arrives in an instant, and sailors should take shelter early.

In Qiongzhou (present-day Hainan), there is a plant called "wind-knowing grass" (Zhifengcao), which often changes and is said to be transformed from an insect. Each year, its leaf surface or back either splits once, two or three times, or not at all. Within a given year, all leaves exhibit the same state, without variation. Locals use it to predict whether there will be typhoons that year and how many. Wang Zuo wrote a poem: "The hurricane mother rages as if mountains collapse and shift, just when the sea has yet to endure the fierce wind. South and North Qiong have no news of the wind yet, only the little wind-knowing grass knows in advance." Qiongzhou experiences the most typhoons. There is a temple dedicated to the typhoon god, and every year on the 5th day of the 5th lunar month, the prefectural governor and subordinate officials attend sacrifices there, a practice not found in other prefectures.

文化解读/分析

本条目记载了清初广东地区关于风,特别是飓风(台风)的民间观察、预测方法与相关习俗信仰,具有重要的气象民俗学价值。

  1. 经验性气象预测:文中详细描述了基于特定日期(初七、初八)、时辰(早、暮)以及风向变化(东北转南再转西)来预测风的强度、持续时间和台风路径的经验法则。这些谚语和观察反映了沿海居民长期与自然现象打交道所积累的智慧,是地方性知识体系(Local Knowledge)的体现。
  2. 特殊气象现象命名与识别:“飓母”、“左飓”、“石尤风”等特定名称,以及对“石尤风”伴随“蠄蟧脚”状云彩的描述,展示了古人对不同天气现象的细致分类和形象化识别,便于知识的传播和记忆。其中“石尤风”的说法,除了气象观察,也可能融入了民间传说(相传为石氏女和尤郎的爱情悲剧所化,阻碍行船)。
  3. 人与自然的互动——知风草:琼州“知风草”的记载是典型的“物候”或“生物指示”观念,认为某种植物的特定变化能够预示天气(此处特指台风次数)。这反映了古人相信万物有灵、天地感应的自然观,以及试图通过观察自然界的细微变化来掌握不可预测天灾的努力。虽然其科学性存疑,但作为一种独特的文化现象,体现了地方生态知识与信仰的结合。
  4. 地域性灾害应对与信仰:特别指出琼州(海南)台风最多,并设有专门的“飓风祠”,由地方长官在特定日期(五月初五)主持祭祀。这凸显了台风对该地区社会生活的巨大影响,以及官方通过祭祀神灵来祈求平安、安抚民心的灾害应对方式。这种官方认可并参与的自然神崇拜在其他地区并不普遍,反映了琼州地方信仰的独特性,也印证了当地台风灾害的严重性。

总而言之,“变风”条目不仅记录了古代广东的气象知识,更揭示了地方社会如何观察、理解、预测并应对破坏性自然现象,融合了经验观察、民间智慧、传说信仰和官方祭祀等多个文化层面。

关键词

广东新语, 屈大均, 天语, 变风, 风, 飓风, 台风, 气象, 民俗, 谚语, 预测, 飓母, 石尤风, 知风草, 琼州, 海南, 祭祀, 岭南文化, 清代

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