原文

　　旧风

　　南海岁有旧风，亦曰风旧，盖飓风也。其起也，自东北者必自北而西，自西北者必自北而东，而俱至南乃息，谓之落西，亦曰荡西，又曰回南，凡二昼夜乃息，亦曰风痴。若不落西，不回南，则逾月复作，作必对时，日作次日止，夜作次夜止。谚曰："朝北暮南子夜东。"又曰："朝三暮七，昼不过一。"盖其暴者不久，或数时，或一日夜。其柔者久，或二三夜。有一岁再三作者，有三四岁不作者。凡岁有一鬼打节，则有一飓。有二鬼打节，则有二飓。鬼，鬼宿也。打节者，或立春、立夏等节，值鬼宿也。又凡六月有北风必作飓。谚曰："六月无闲北。"北风为正风旧，东风为左风旧。风旧以铁飓为大，无坚不摧，故曰铁，回南时势尤猛烈。

　　粤在南方，故其风起于南者为顺，起于北者为逆。顺者为正风，天地之仁气也。逆者为飓风，始于北而终于南，从不仁以归于仁也。仁，阳也。不仁，阴也。飓起多以仲夏以午，仲夏与午，阴长阳消之始也。飓得阴气之先，初起时有雷则不成飓，未纯乎阴也。飓作数日有雷则止者，阴气为阳所夺也。起于朝者三日，于暮者七日。暮而阴气益盛，故飓发之久也，然七日而无雷，则飓亦止。七者数之尽，阴与阳皆以七日而复也。又飓之暴者不久而柔者久，柔，阴之极也。夺雷者阳畜之极，故不终日。飓者阴畜之极，故多日。不终日之雷，其雷多吉，终日之风，其风多凶。飓，终日之甚者也，凶之气也。天地之道，雷欲其有初而无终，雷而有终，斯为振恒之凶。风欲其无初而有终，风而无终，斯为终风之暴。

　　《说文》有〈风日〉而无飓，或以为〈风日〉即飓也。予谓飓起于日南，日之风也。日者火之本，飓者风之本，〈风日〉与日交，风随火发，故为最烈之气，则谓飓曰〈风日〉亦可也。昌黎诗："雷霆逼飓〈风日〉。"飓、〈风日〉二字相连，则飓、〈风日〉一也，〈风日〉从日者"南方景风夏至至。"景，大也，日至夏始大，阳气长养也。飓风大者皆以夏月发，日气过盛，故掀山簸海而訇哮不止也。唐官制有〈风日〉海道，不曰飓海者，以琼海为日南之地，飓多从琼海而起，故海曰〈风日〉海也。

　　飓者，具四方之风也。凡飓以东北方而始，必以北以西而中。以西北方而始，必以北以东而中，而皆以南而终。盖南方之风，以南为正。始于不正终于正，故飓必回南乃止，归于其本方也。南人以飓为惧，飓又惧也。惧于始，复惧于终，惧其再作，终而又始也，故曰飓者惧也。当惧之时，人不望飓风之止，惟望迅雷之作，雷作而飓止矣。然雷亦必以飓回南而后作，飓不终，则雷不作也。二者必相代而不相夺，以为天地之用者也。飓莫甚于琼，雷、廉次之，广又次之，至韶南而力末矣。故琼人最惧飓风，其发也，先期数日，有声微作，作而旋止，急而旋缓，谓之练风。于是炎云郁结，雷声殷殷，有虹欲断欲连，下饮海水，海翻声吼怒，浪浪沸腾，矶石搏触。有浊气凝结成破布，或若烂苔，遍流而北，水鸟惊飞，木叶南侧，于是飓风作矣。益之以暴雨以惊潮，则其势弥暴，屋飞于山，舟徙于陆，颠仆马牛，摧拔树木，海水涌高数丈，洋田浸没，卤咸所留，稼穑不育，是之谓铁飓。

白话

中文

　　旧风

　　南海郡每年都有“旧风”，也叫“风旧”，就是飓风。它刮起来的时候，从东北方向来的必定先经过北方再转向西方，从西北方向来的必定先经过北方再转向东方，但最终都会到达南方才停息。这种情况叫做“落西”，也叫“荡西”，又叫“回南”。飓风通常持续两天两夜才停息，所以也叫“风痴”（指风停留不去）。如果飓风不转向西边，不回到南边停息，那么过了一个多月还会再次发作。发作的时间必定和上次对应，白天刮起的次日停止，晚上刮起的次夜停止。有谚语说：“早晨（风起于）北，傍晚（转为）南，半夜（转为）东。”又说：“（风起于）早晨持续三天，（风起于）傍晚持续七天，（但若风势猛烈）白天刮起不会超过一天。”这是因为猛烈的飓风持续时间不长，有的几个时辰，有的一天一夜。而那些看似柔和的飓风持续时间反而较长，有的持续两三天或三四夜。有的年份飓风会来两三次，也有的年份连续三四年都没有飓风。凡是某年有一个“鬼打节”，就会有一次飓风；有两个“鬼打节”，就有两次飓风。“鬼”指的是二十八宿中的鬼宿。“打节”是指立春、立夏等节气正好碰上鬼宿值日。另外，凡是农历六月刮起北风，就一定会发生飓风。谚语说：“六月里不会有白刮的北风。”北风引起的飓风称为“正风旧”，东风引起的称为“左风旧”。飓风中以“铁飓”最为猛烈，没有什么坚固的东西不能摧毁，所以叫做“铁”，尤其在“回南”（转向南方）的时候风势更加凶猛。

　　广东地处南方，所以风从南方刮来是顺应的，从北方刮来是悖逆的。顺应的风是“正风”，是天地的仁爱之气。悖逆的风就是飓风，它从北方开始，到南方结束，这是从不仁的状态回归到仁的状态。仁属阳，不仁属阴。飓风大多在仲夏中午时分发生。仲夏和午时，正是阴气开始增长、阳气开始消减的时候。飓风秉承了阴气之先，刚开始刮的时候如果有雷声就不会形成飓风，因为它还未达到纯粹的阴。飓风刮了几天后如果有雷声就会停止，这是因为阴气被阳气压制了。早晨刮起的飓风持续三天，傍晚刮起的持续七天。傍晚阴气更加强盛，所以飓风持续时间长。然而，如果持续七天都没有雷声，飓风也会自行停止。七是（阴阳变化的）一个周期数，阴和阳都是七天一个循环回复。另外，猛烈的飓风持续时间短，而看似柔和的飓风持续时间长。“柔”是阴达到极致的表现。（短促而猛烈的）雷是阳气积聚到极点的表现，所以持续不了一整天。飓风是阴气积聚到极点的表现，所以能持续很多天。持续时间不长的雷，大多是吉兆；持续一整天的风，大多是凶兆。飓风，是持续整日风中最厉害的，是凶险之气。天地运行的规律，雷应该有开始而无终结（指影响深远而非持续不断），如果雷持续不断，那就是震动常态的凶兆。风应该无所谓开始而有所终结（指和缓而非突兀），如果风持续不停，那就是“终风”式的暴虐。

　　《说文解字》中有“〈风日〉”字而没有“飓”字，有人认为“〈风日〉”就是飓风。我认为飓风起于“日南”（太阳的正南方），是太阳区域的风。太阳是火的根本，飓风是风的根本，“〈风日〉”与太阳相关，风随着火势生发，所以成为最猛烈的气流。那么，称飓风为“〈风日〉”也是可以的。韩愈的诗中有：“雷霆逼飓〈风日〉。”“飓”和“〈风日〉”两字连用，说明“飓”和“〈风日〉”是一回事。“〈风日〉”字从“日”，是因为《尔雅》说：“南方的景风（大风）夏至时到来。”“景”就是大的意思，太阳到了夏至时威力最大，阳气滋长万物。大的飓风都在夏天发生，是因为日气（阳气）过于强盛，所以能掀动山岳、翻搅大海，发出巨大的声响而不能停止。唐代的官制中有“〈风日〉海道”的说法，而不叫“飓海道”，是因为琼海（海南岛附近海域）是“日南”之地，飓风多从琼海发起，所以这片海域被称为“〈风日〉海”。

　　所谓“飓”风，是具备了四方之风（旋转变化）的。凡是飓风从东北方向开始的，必定经过北方和西方；从西北方向开始的，必定经过北方和东方；但最终都会在南方结束。大概因为南方的风，以南风为正宗。从不正的方向开始，到正的方向结束，所以飓风一定要“回南”才停止，回到它本来的方位。南方人把飓风看作是可怕的（惧），所以“飓”也有“惧”的意思。人们害怕它的开始，又害怕它的结束，还害怕它再次发作，结束了又可能重新开始，所以说飓风就是让人恐惧的东西。在恐惧的时候，人们不指望飓风停止，只盼望迅猛的雷声响起，雷一响，飓风就停止了。然而，雷也必须等到飓风“回南”之后才发作，飓风不结束，雷是不会响的。雷和飓风一定是相互更替而不是相互争夺，以此来实现天地的功用。飓风没有比琼州（海南）更厉害的，雷州、廉州次之，广州再次之，到了韶关以南威力就减弱了。所以琼州人最害怕飓风。飓风要来的时候，会提前几天有预兆，有微弱的风声响起，时起时停，时急时缓，这叫做“练风”（演习的风）。接着，炎热的乌云密布聚集，雷声隐隐作响，有彩虹时断时续，向下伸到海面像在吸取海水，海面翻滚，波涛怒吼，浪头猛烈拍击礁石。海面上有浑浊的物体凝结成破布或烂苔藓的样子，四处漂流向北。水鸟惊慌飞窜，树叶都朝南边倾侧，这时候飓风就来了。再加上暴雨和汹涌的潮水，那风势就更加猛烈了：房屋被吹到山上，船只被刮到陆地，牛马被吹倒，树木被连根拔起，海水涌起几丈高，海边的田地被淹没，留下盐碱，庄稼无法生长。这种情况就叫做“铁飓”。

英文

　　Old Wind (Jiu Feng)

　　In Nanhai Commandery, there is an annual "Old Wind" (旧风, Jiu Feng), also called "Wind Old" (风旧, Feng Jiu), which is essentially a typhoon (飓风, Jufeng). When it arises, one coming from the northeast must first pass north then turn west; one coming from the northwest must first pass north then turn east. Both invariably cease only upon reaching the south. This is called "Falling West" (落西, Luo Xi), also "Sweeping West" (荡西, Dang Xi), or "Returning South" (回南, Hui Nan). It typically lasts for two days and nights before stopping, hence it's also called "Wind癡" (Feng Chi, meaning the wind lingers stubbornly). If the typhoon doesn't turn west or return south to cease, it will strike again after more than a month. When it recurs, it will correspond to the timing of the previous one: if it started during the day, it stops the next day; if it started at night, it stops the next night. A proverb says: "North in the morning, south in the evening, east at midnight." Another says: "Three days if it starts in the morning, seven if in the evening; if during the day (and violent), it won't exceed one day." This is because the violent ones don't last long, perhaps several hours, or a day and night. The gentler-seeming ones last longer, perhaps two or three days and nights, or even three or four nights. Some years see two or three typhoons, while sometimes three or four years pass without one. For every "Ghost Strikes the Node" (鬼打节, Gui Da Jie) in a year, there will be one typhoon; if there are two such events, there will be two typhoons. "Ghost" (鬼, Gui) refers to the Ghost Constellation (Gui Xiu) among the Twenty-Eight Mansions. "Strikes the Node" means a solar term like the Beginning of Spring (Lichun) or Beginning of Summer (Lixia) coincides with the day governed by the Ghost Constellation. Furthermore, if there is a north wind in the sixth lunar month, a typhoon is certain to occur. A proverb says: "No idle north wind in the sixth month." A typhoon caused by a north wind is called a "Proper Wind Old" (正风旧, Zheng Feng Jiu); one caused by an east wind is a "Left Wind Old" (左风旧, Zuo Feng Jiu). Among typhoons, the "Iron Typhoon" (铁飓, Tie Ju) is the greatest, destroying anything in its path, hence the name "Iron"; its force is especially fierce when it is "Returning South."

　　Guangdong is located in the south, so winds from the south are considered favorable (顺, Shun), while those from the north are adverse (逆, Ni). Favorable winds are "Proper Winds" (正风, Zheng Feng), representing the benevolent Qi (气) of Heaven and Earth. Adverse winds are typhoons, which start from the north and end in the south, signifying a return from unkindness (不仁, Bu Ren) to kindness (仁, Ren). Kindness is Yang (阳); unkindness is Yin (阴). Typhoons mostly occur around noon in midsummer. Midsummer and noon mark the beginning of Yin's growth and Yang's decline. Typhoons harness the precedence of Yin Qi. If there is thunder when it initially starts, it won't develop into a full typhoon, as it is not yet purely Yin. If thunder occurs after a typhoon has been blowing for several days, it will stop, because the Yin Qi is overcome by Yang Qi. A typhoon starting in the morning lasts three days; one starting in the evening lasts seven days. In the evening, Yin Qi is more abundant, hence the typhoon lasts longer. However, if after seven days there is still no thunder, the typhoon will also cease. Seven is the number of completion (in cycles); both Yin and Yang cycle back every seven days. Additionally, violent typhoons are short-lived, while seemingly gentle ones last longer. "Gentle" represents the extreme of Yin. (Sudden, violent) thunder is the extreme accumulation of Yang Qi, thus it doesn't last a whole day. A typhoon is the extreme accumulation of Yin Qi, thus it can last many days. Thunder that doesn't last all day is mostly auspicious; wind that lasts all day is mostly ominous. A typhoon is the most extreme form of all-day wind; it is an ominous Qi. According to the Dao (Way) of Heaven and Earth, thunder should have a beginning but no end (i.e., be impactful but not continuous); continuous thunder is an omen of disruptive disaster. Wind should ideally have no beginning but an end (i.e., be gentle, not abrupt); wind without end signifies the violence of a "Perpetual Wind" (终风, Zhong Feng).

　　The Shuowen Jiezi (an ancient Chinese dictionary) contains the character 〈风日〉 (Feng Ri) but not 飓 (Ju). Some believe 〈风日〉 is the same as 飓. I propose that the typhoon originates south of the sun ("日南", Ri Nan), being the wind of the sun's region. The sun is the root of fire, and the typhoon is the root of wind. 〈风日〉 is related to the sun; the wind arises with the fire's power, thus becoming the most violent Qi. Therefore, calling a typhoon 〈风日〉 is plausible. Han Yu's poem states: "Thunder and lightning press upon the Ju 〈风日〉." The juxtaposition of 飓 and 〈风日〉 implies they are the same. The character 〈风日〉 includes "日" (sun) because the Erya (another ancient dictionary) says: "The southern Jingfeng (景风, great wind) arrives at the summer solstice." "Jing" means great; the sun's power becomes greatest at the summer solstice, as Yang Qi nourishes growth. Major typhoons all occur in summer because the sun's Qi (Yang Qi) is excessively strong, thus capable of overturning mountains, churning seas, and roaring incessantly. Tang dynasty official records mention the "〈风日〉 Sea Route" (〈风日〉海道), not the "Typhoon Sea Route" (飓海道). This is because Qionghai (the sea around Hainan) is the land "south of the sun," and typhoons often originate from Qionghai, hence the sea is called the "〈风日〉 Sea."

　　The term "飓" (Ju) implies a wind possessing (具, Ju) the characteristics of all four directions (i.e., rotating). Typhoons starting from the northeast invariably pass through the north and west; those starting from the northwest invariably pass through the north and east; but all end in the south. This is likely because for the southern region, the south wind is considered the primary direction. Starting from an improper direction and ending in the proper one, the typhoon must "Return South" to cease, returning to its fundamental direction. Southerners regard the typhoon with fear (惧, Ju), so "飓" (Ju) also implies "惧" (Ju). They fear its beginning, fear its end, and fear its recurrence – that it might start again after ending. Thus, it is said that a typhoon (飓) is a thing to be feared (惧). During this time of fear, people do not hope for the typhoon to stop, but rather hope for swift thunder to strike. Once thunder strikes, the typhoon ceases. However, thunder must also wait until the typhoon "Returns South" before it acts; if the typhoon doesn't end, thunder won't strike. Thunder and typhoon must replace each other rather than contend with each other, serving the functions of Heaven and Earth. Typhoons are most severe in Qiong Prefecture (Hainan), followed by Lei Prefecture and Lian Prefecture, then Guang Prefecture (Guangzhou); by the time they reach south of Shaoguan, their strength is depleted. Therefore, the people of Qiong fear typhoons the most. When one is approaching, there are signs several days in advance: a faint wind sound starts and stops intermittently, sometimes rapid, sometimes slow – this is called "Practice Wind" (练风, Lian Feng). Then, sultry clouds gather densely, thunder rumbles indistinctly, rainbows appear broken or intermittent, seeming to dip down to drink seawater. The sea churns with angry roars, waves boil violently, crashing against the rocks. Turbid matter coagulates, resembling torn cloth or rotten moss, floating northward everywhere. Water birds fly about in panic, and tree leaves tilt towards the south. At this point, the typhoon arrives. Accompanied by torrential rain and storm surges, its force becomes even more violent: houses are blown onto mountains, boats are moved onto land, cattle and horses are overturned, trees are uprooted, seawater surges several zhang (1 zhang ≈ 3.3 meters) high, coastal fields are inundated, leaving behind salt and alkali, rendering the land infertile. This is called the "Iron Typhoon" (铁飓).

文化解读/分析

本条目记述了清初广东地区关于飓风（当地称“旧风”、“风旧”）的详细知识，融合了经验观察、民俗信仰和传统哲学解释，是研究岭南地区气象民俗和地方知识体系的宝贵材料。

1. 地方性知识与命名： 文中记录了“旧风”、“风旧”、“落西”、“荡西”、“回南”、“风痴”等具有地方特色的飓风及其路径、持续时间的称谓，反映了当地民众对这一自然现象的细致观察和生活经验总结。特别是“铁飓”一词，形象地描述了最具破坏力的飓风等级，体现了沿海居民对极端天气的敬畏。
2. 经验性预测： 文中提到了多种预测飓风的方法，如观察特定时节（六月）的风向（北风）、天文现象（“鬼打节”，即特定节气与鬼宿相值），以及飓风来临前的征兆（“练风”、云、雷、虹、海水、水鸟、树叶等）。这些方法结合了天象、物候和气象的综合判断，是古代朴素气象学的重要体现。
3. 阴阳五行与天人感应： 屈大均运用了阴阳学说解释飓风的成因、性质和变化规律。如将北方来风视为“逆”、“不仁”（属阴），南方去风视为“顺”、“仁”（属阳）；将飓风的发生与仲夏、午时联系，认为是阴长阳消的体现；将雷（阳）视为克制飓风（阴）的力量。这种解释方式体现了中国传统“天人感应”的思想，试图在自然现象与宇宙秩序间建立联系。
4. 地理差异性认知： 文中明确指出飓风威力在广东境内存在地域差异，“琼最甚，雷、廉次之，广又次之，至韶南而力末矣”，准确反映了飓风登陆后威力由沿海向内陆递减的规律，显示了作者对广东地理与气候关系的深刻认识。
5. 语言文字考据： 屈大均还对“飓”字的来源进行了考据，将其与《说文》中的“〈风日〉”字联系起来，并结合地理（日南、琼海）、文献（《尔雅》、韩愈诗）和唐代官制进行论证，体现了其作为学者的严谨态度和广博知识。
6. 民俗心理： “南人以飓为惧，飓又惧也”直接点明了飓风给沿海居民带来的恐惧心理，这种恐惧不仅针对其破坏力，也包括对其反复无常、可能去而复返的担忧。祈求雷声止风反映了在巨大自然灾害面前，人们寻求超自然力量（或与之对应的自然力量）庇护的心理。

总之，“旧风”条目不仅是对一种极端天气现象的记录，更是清初广东地区自然观、宇宙观、民俗信仰和生活经验的集中反映，具有重要的历史学、民俗学和气象学史研究价值。

关键词

广东新语, 屈大均, 旧风, 风旧, 飓风, 台风, 气象, 民俗, 广东, 南海, 琼州, 海南, 雷州, 廉州, 广州, 韶关, 清代, 天气谚语, 阴阳, 鬼宿, 鬼打节, 节气, 铁飓, 风向, 雷电, 灾害, 天人感应, 地方知识