原文

世庙阅海忠介疏，大书曰："此人有比干之心，但朕非纣也。"持其疏，绕殿而行曰："莫使之遁。"一宫女主文书者在旁，窃语曰："彼欲为忠臣，其肯遁乎。"世庙寻召黄中贵问状，对曰："是人方欲以一死成名，杀之正所甘心，不如囚之使自毙。"世庙是其言，囚之三年得不死。公之学以刚为主，其在朝，气象岩岩，端方特立，诸臣僚多疾恶之，无与立谈。顾黄中贵何人，乃独知其为忠，曲为拯救，非至诚之极，而能感动若是乎。公尝言："今之医国者只有甘草，处世者只知乡愿。"又言孟子恶乡愿，其功不在禹下。湛文简云："老子乡愿一途耳。"乡愿似多一媚字，尤先得公心。公在狱，闻世庙崩，方食，尽吐下，一恸几绝。琼州有忠介石坊者，崇祯癸未春，石坊每日流血，淫淫若泪。明年五月，威庙哀诏至，血流乃止。盖公之神灵，存没无间，知国之将亡而主殉，故先之哀痛若此。嗟乎忠哉！

白话

中文

明世宗（嘉靖皇帝）看了海瑞（谥号忠介）的奏疏后，（在旁边）大字批示道：“这个人有比干那样的忠心，但朕不是商纣王。”他拿着奏疏，绕着宫殿走，口中说：“不要让他跑了。”旁边一位掌管文书的女官私下低语说：“他一心想做忠臣，难道肯逃跑吗？”世宗随即召来宦官黄锦询问情况，黄锦回答说：“这个人正想用一死来成就自己的名声，杀了他正合他心意，不如把他囚禁起来让他自己了结。”世宗认为他的话有道理，将海瑞囚禁了三年，（海瑞）才得以不死。海公（海瑞）的学问以刚直为核心，他在朝廷时，气度威严，品行端正，卓尔不群，许多同僚都非常厌恶他，没有人愿意和他站在一起交谈。回头看那宦官黄锦是什么人，却唯独知道海瑞是忠臣，暗中设法拯救了他，如果不是（海瑞）极端真诚的品格，又怎能如此感动（像黄锦这样的人）呢？海公曾经说：“如今治理国家弊病的人（官员）只知道用甘草（喻指用温和无效的方法敷衍了事），在社会上为人处世的人只知道做乡愿（指外表看似忠厚老实，实则圆滑虚伪、同流合污的人）。”他又说孟子厌恶乡愿，（认为揭示乡愿之害）这项功绩不亚于大禹治水。湛若水（湛文简）说：“老子（的道家思想）和乡愿（的处世方式）不过是同一路数罢了。”（屈大均认为）乡愿似乎比老子还多了一个“媚”（献媚讨好）字，尤其容易引得海公的厌恶。海公在监狱里，听到世宗驾崩的消息，当时正在吃饭，（悲痛得）把吃下的食物全部吐了出来，大哭一场，几乎昏死过去。琼州（海南）有一座为纪念海忠介公而立的石牌坊，崇祯癸未年（1643年）春天，这座石牌坊每天都流出像血一样的液体，淋漓不断如同眼泪。到了第二年（甲申年，1644年）五月，（明思宗）崇祯皇帝殉国的哀诏传到，石坊流血才停止。这大概是因为海公的神灵，贯通生死，知道国家将要灭亡、君主将要殉国，所以预先就这样哀痛不已。唉，真是忠诚啊！

英文

After Emperor Shizong (the Jiajing Emperor) of the Ming Dynasty read the memorial submitted by Hai Rui (posthumously Zhongjie), he wrote in large characters beside it: "This man has the heart of Bi Gan, but I am not King Zhou (of Shang)." Holding the memorial, he walked around the palace hall, saying, "Don't let him escape." A female palace official in charge of documents nearby whispered privately, "He is determined to be a loyal minister; would he be willing to flee?" The emperor then summoned the eunuch Huang Jin to inquire about the situation. Huang Jin replied, "This man is seeking to achieve fame through death. Killing him is exactly what he desires. It would be better to imprison him and let him perish on his own." Emperor Shizong agreed with his words and imprisoned Hai Rui for three years, which allowed him to survive. Duke Hai's (Hai Rui's) learning was centered on rigidity and integrity. When he was at court, his demeanor was stern and imposing, upright and outstandingly independent. Many of his colleagues intensely disliked him, and none were willing to stand and converse with him. Looking back, what kind of person was the eunuch Huang Jin? Yet he alone recognized Hai Rui's loyalty and subtly arranged for his rescue. If it were not for Hai Rui's extreme sincerity, how could he have moved someone like Huang Jin in such a way? Duke Hai once said, "Those who treat the state's ills today only know how to use licorice (metaphorically, using mild, ineffective methods); those who navigate society only know how to be 'village worthies' (referring to hypocrites who appear honest but are actually slick, insincere, and go along with corruption)." He also mentioned that Mencius detested 'village worthies', and (Hai Rui believed exposing their harm) was a contribution no less significant than Yu the Great's controlling the floods. Zhan Ruoshui (Zhan Wenjian) said, "Laozi('s Daoist philosophy) and the 'village worthy' (way of handling worldly affairs) are simply the same path." (Qu Dajun adds that) The 'village worthy' seems to possess an additional element of 'mei' (媚 - fawning/ingratiating) compared to Laozi, which particularly earned Duke Hai's contempt. While Duke Hai was in prison, he heard the news of Emperor Shizong's death. He was eating at the time, vomited everything he had consumed due to grief, wailed aloud, and nearly fainted. In Qiongzhou (Hainan), there is a stone memorial arch (paifang) erected in honor of Hai Zhongjie. In the spring of the Guiwei year of the Chongzhen era (1643), this stone arch bled daily, oozing liquid like tears. In May of the following year (Jiashen year, 1644), when the mournful edict announcing the death by suicide of Emperor Sizong (the Chongzhen Emperor) arrived, the bleeding from the arch stopped. This was likely because Duke Hai's spirit, transcending life and death, knew that the state was about to perish and the sovereign would die for it, thus grieving so intensely in advance. Alas, what loyalty!

文化解读/分析

本条目围绕明代著名清官海瑞（海忠介）展开，蕴含丰富的文化和民俗价值：

1. 清官廉政的象征：海瑞是中国历史上清官的代名词。本条目通过记述他直言敢谏（上疏批评嘉靖皇帝）、生活刚直（“气象岩岩，端方特立”）、不容乡愿等事迹，强化了他作为刚正不阿、廉洁奉公的道德楷模形象。这符合中国传统文化对官员品行的理想化期待。
2. 忠诚观念的复杂性：海瑞冒死进谏，被皇帝比作比干，显示了极端的忠诚。然而，他批评的对象正是他效忠的皇帝。他在狱中闻听皇帝死讯，“尽吐下，一恸几绝”，又表现出深厚的君臣情感。这反映了儒家忠君思想内部的复杂性：忠诚不仅是顺从，也包含犯颜直谏的责任，且忠诚的对象（君主）与忠诚本身（原则）可能存在张力。
3. 相术、谶纬与民间信仰：条目中记载的“石坊流血”事件是典型的谶纬、灵异现象记录，具有浓厚的民俗色彩。石坊作为纪念海瑞的象征物，其“流血”被解读为海瑞神灵对国事（明亡）的预感和哀痛。这体现了民间信仰中，正直忠烈的人物死后英灵不灭，能感应世事、示警或表达情感的观念。这种“物异”现象常被用来附会、印证历史事件的必然性和人物的神圣性。
4. 对“乡愿”的批判：海瑞对“乡愿”的痛恨，以及引述孟子、湛若水对此的评论，反映了儒家内部对虚伪圆滑、媚俗求荣处世哲学的批判。海瑞所代表的“刚”与乡愿的“媚”形成鲜明对比，强调了真诚、正直在儒家道德体系中的重要性。
5. 宦官形象的多元化：通常在历史叙事中扮演负面角色的宦官（黄锦），在此处却成为保护忠臣的关键人物。这提供了一个相对多元的视角，暗示了宫廷政治的复杂性和人性的多面性，破除了对宦官群体的刻板印象。
6. 地方认同与历史记忆：海瑞是琼州（海南，明代属广东布政使司管辖）人，屈大均将其写入《广东新语》，是将这位全国闻名的清官纳入广东地方历史记忆的一部分，增强了地方的文化声望。石坊流血的传说发生在琼州，也强化了海瑞与其故土的联系。

关键词

海瑞、海忠介、明朝、嘉靖皇帝、世庙、清官、直谏、比干、忠诚、刚直、乡愿、孟子、湛若水、甘草、黄锦、宦官、石坊流血、牌坊、谶纬、祥瑞、异象、民间信仰、神灵感应、琼州、海南、崇祯皇帝、明末、屈大均、广东新语、神语