原文
贝
徐闻之西,每天霁,海水清澈见底,浑然砥平,皆石也。石上多有石栏杆、海菜、铁树、云根、石菌、灵栭、土芝等物。砂中复有蠃、〈虫戍〉、蜃、蜊、蠔、蚶、蝤蛑之属。凡古之威斗、大锺、刑鼎、琼弁、敦牟、卮匜,以及罂、缶、甗、釜豆、区、棬、筥之状,无不毕具。磨荡既久,肌理滑莹,皆作五色光怪。有客尝摭拾之,凡得贝类三百余,蠃类五百余,蛤类二百余,石类一百余,树类五十余。其最精丽纤巧,如相思子、甲香、指甲蠃、石蠃、石蟹、石燕、〈王车〉{〈王巨〉木}、玳瑁等有六十余种,一一不同,是皆所谓贝也。凡宝有天产自然者,有人工雕镂者,如猫睛、卤子、组母琭、映青、映红、黄鑚、白鑚,皆宝也。贝海,贝也。又有客尝至吴川,见海浪至,辄如万条白练,诸蠃壳随浪去来,淘汰日久,光采陆离,可以监照眉须,不减水碧金膏也。海旁多细白沙,积如丘阜,潮落时,沙痕如波纹素縠。黑夜海中生火,蠃蜬之属,一一负火以行。盖离为蚌为蠃,文为蛤为虈,皆火德也。姚宽云:蛤蜊、文蛤,皆一潮生一晕。予谓潮水咸,咸属火,晕生于潮,亦生于火也。阴火生于海中,为鳞介之文,阳火生于山中,为鸟兽之文。
白话
中文
贝壳(及其他海产珍奇)
徐闻县(今广东徐闻)以西的海域,每当天气晴朗时,海水清澈见底,海底平坦如磨石,都是石头。石头上长有很多像石栏杆(可能是指珊瑚或石灰岩结构)、海菜、铁树(可能指黑珊瑚等)、云根(奇石)、石菌、灵栭、土芝(后三者可能指某种海绵、藻类或附着生物)之类的东西。沙子中又有各种螺(蠃)、〈虫戍〉(一种贝类)、蜃(大蛤或传说生物)、蛤蜊(蜊)、牡蛎(蠔)、蚶、梭子蟹(蝤蛑)等。这些海产的形状,凡是古代的威斗(酒器)、大钟、刑鼎(礼器)、琼弁(玉冠)、敦牟(食器)、卮匜(酒水器),以及罂(瓦罐)、缶(瓦器)、甗(蒸器)、釜豆(锅和高脚盘)、区(盆)、棬(杯)、筥(圆筐)等器物的样子,无不具备。经过海水长久冲刷磨荡,它们的表面纹理光滑莹润,都呈现出奇异的五彩光芒。曾经有位客人去那里采集,总共得到贝类三百多种,螺类五百多种,蛤类二百多种,奇石类一百多种,树状物(可能是珊瑚、海柳等)五十多种。其中最精美奇异、小巧玲珑的,如相思子(可能指某种红色小贝壳)、甲香(某些螺类的厣)、指甲螺、石螺、石蟹(可能是化石或外形似蟹的石头)、石燕(一种腕足动物化石)、砗磲(〈王车〉{〈王巨〉木})、玳瑁等有六十多个品种,每一种都不同,这些都可以称之为“贝”(泛指海中珍奇)。凡是宝物,有天然生成的,也有人工雕琢的,像是猫眼石(猫睛)、卤子(可能指某种矿物结晶)、珍珠母(组母琭)、能映现青色或红色的宝石(映青、映红)、黄色钻石或宝石(黄鑚)、白色钻石或宝石(白鑚),都是宝物。(这片)贝壳之海(贝海),本身就是宝库(贝也)。另外,曾有客人到过吴川(今广东吴川),看见海浪涌来时,就像万条白色的丝绸,各种螺壳随着波浪来回翻滚,经过长久的淘洗,变得光彩斑斓,(其光洁度)足以照见人的眉毛胡须,不亚于美玉(水碧)或珍贵的矿脂(金膏)。海边有很多细白的沙子,堆积如同小山丘,潮水退去时,沙滩上留下像波浪纹的白色细绢一样的痕迹。到了黑夜,海中会发出光亮(生火),螺和蛤蜊(蠃蜬)之类的生物,都像背着火光在移动(指生物发光现象)。(按照八卦理论)离卦象征蚌和螺,纹理象征蛤和虾(虈),这些都属于“火”的德性。姚宽(宋代学者)说:蛤蜊、文蛤,每次潮水涨落就会生出一圈纹路。我认为潮水是咸的,咸味属火,(贝壳上的)晕纹既然生于潮汐,也就是生于火。(推而广之)阴性的火(阴火)产生在海中,形成了鱼、贝类身上的花纹(鳞介之文);阳性的火(阳火)产生在山中,形成了鸟类、兽类身上的花纹(鸟兽之文)。
英文
Shells (and other marine treasures)
West of Xuwen County (present-day Xuwen, Guangdong), whenever the weather is clear, the seawater is transparent to the bottom. The seabed is flat like a whetstone, entirely composed of rock. On the rocks grow many things resembling stone railings (possibly referring to coral or limestone structures), seaweed (haicai), iron trees (tieshu - possibly black coral or similar), cloud roots (yun'gen - peculiar stones), stone mushrooms (shijun), ling'er, and earth zhi (tuzhi - the latter three likely referring to types of sponges, algae, or attached organisms). In the sand, there are various types of snails/conches (luo), shu (〈虫戍〉 - a type of shellfish), giant clams or mythical creatures (shen), clams (li), oysters (hao), ark clams (han), and mud crabs (youmou). The shapes of these marine products encompass all forms of ancient ritual vessels and utensils, such as Weidou (wine vessel), Dazhong (large bell), Xingding (ritual cauldron), Qiongbian (jade cap), Dunmou (food vessel), Zhiyi (wine/water vessels), as well as Ying (jar), Fou (earthenware pot), Yan (steaming vessel), Fudou (pot and stemmed bowl), Ou (basin), Quan (cup), and Ju (round basket). After prolonged tumbling and polishing by the seawater, their surfaces become smooth and lustrous, displaying strange five-colored glows. A visitor once collected specimens there, obtaining over 300 types of shells (beilei), over 500 types of snails/conches (luolei), over 200 types of clams (gelei), over 100 types of stones (shilei), and over 50 types of tree-like items (shulei - possibly corals, sea willows, etc.). Among the most exquisite, delicate, and intricate were over sixty varieties, such as 'love peas' (xiangsi zi - possibly a type of small red shell), opercula (jiaxiang), fingernail snails (zhijia luo), stone snails (shi luo), stone crabs (shi xie - possibly fossils or crab-shaped stones), stone swallows (shi yan - fossil brachiopods), giant clams/Tridacna (chequ), and hawksbill turtle shells (daimao), each distinct. All of these are referred to as "Bei" (a general term for marine treasures). Treasures can be naturally produced or artificially carved. Items like cat's eye gems (maojing), luzi (possibly saltpeter/mineral crystals?), mother-of-pearl (zumu lu), gems reflecting green or red (yingqing, yinghong), yellow diamonds/gems (huangzuan), and white diamonds/gems (baizuan) are all treasures. This sea of shells (Beihai) is itself a treasure (Bei ye). Furthermore, another visitor once went to Wuchuan (present-day Wuchuan, Guangdong) and saw the arriving waves resembling ten thousand strips of white silk. Various snail shells tumbled back and forth with the waves, and after long periods of polishing, they became brilliantly colorful, smooth enough to reflect eyebrows and whiskers, no less than fine jade (shuibi) or precious mineral paste (jingao). Beside the sea, there are many fine white sand dunes, piled up like hills. When the tide recedes, the sand bears marks like ripples on white silk gauze. At night, light appears in the sea ('sea produces fire'), and creatures like snails and clams (luohuang zhi shu) move about as if carrying fire (referring to bioluminescence). (According to Bagua theory) the Li trigram symbolizes蚌 (bang - mussel/clam) and 蠃 (luo - snail/conch), and patterns (文 - wen) symbolize蛤 (ge - clam) and 虈 (xia - shrimp/small creature); all belong to the virtue of Fire (火德 - huo de). Yao Kuan (a Song Dynasty scholar) said: Clams (geli, wenge) grow one ring per tide cycle. I (Qu Dajun) believe that tidal water is salty (咸 - xian), saltiness belongs to Fire (咸属火 - xian shu huo), and since the rings (晕 - yun) arise from the tide, they also arise from Fire. Yin Fire (阴火 - yin huo) arises in the sea, creating the patterns on scaled and shelled creatures (鳞介之文 - lin jie zhi wen); Yang Fire (阳火 - yang huo) arises in the mountains, creating the patterns on birds and beasts (鸟兽之文 - niao shou zhi wen).
文化解读/分析
本条目生动描绘了清初广东徐闻、吴川沿海丰富的海洋生物与地质资源,并将其纳入当时的文化和哲学框架,体现了多重价值:
- 地方博物志与资源:详细罗列了粤西沿海的各种海洋动植物、矿石和奇特地貌,展现了当地惊人的生物多样性和独特的自然景观。这不仅是宝贵的自然史记录,也反映了海洋资源(贝、螺、蛤、蟹、玳瑁、珊瑚等)在地方经济和生活中的潜在重要性。
- 审美情趣与收藏文化:作者不只记录物种,更着重描绘其形态之奇、色彩之美、质地之莹。将贝壳、螺壳的形状比附古代礼器、用具,将其光泽比拟美玉、宝石,体现了文人阶层将自然造物纳入传统审美的雅趣,以及对奇珍异宝的收藏与鉴赏风气。“贝”在此被赋予了远超其生物学含义的文化价值,成为海洋珍奇的总称。
- 自然观察与朴素科学:记述了潮汐对贝壳的打磨作用、沙滩的潮汐痕迹,以及夜晚海洋生物发光(“海中生火”、“负火以行”)等自然现象。引用姚宽关于蛤蜊生长纹与潮汐关系的说法,显示了古人对自然规律的细致观察和初步探索。
- 宇宙观与哲学阐释:屈大均并未止步于现象描述,而是运用阴阳五行(咸属火)、八卦(离为蚌为蠃)等中国传统哲学理论来解释这些自然现象。他将贝壳的生长纹、生物发光乃至所有生物(海中鳞介、陆上鸟兽)的斑纹,都归因于“火”的作用(阴火生于海,阳火生于山),试图构建一个统一的、符合当时世界观的解释体系。这反映了天人感应、万物一体的宇宙观,以及将自然现象纳入既有哲学框架进行阐释的思维模式。
- “贝”的文化延伸:从最初指代贝壳,扩展到泛指各种海洋珍宝,甚至与陆地宝石并列,最后将整个富饶的海域称为“贝海”,本身就是“贝”(宝库)。这体现了“贝”在中国文化中作为财富、珍宝象征的深厚传统(古代曾以贝为货币)。
关键词
贝, 贝壳, 螺, 蛤, 徐闻, 吴川, 广东, 海洋生物, 海洋资源, 珊瑚, 玳瑁, 砗磲, 甲香, 石燕, 宝石, 收藏, 审美, 自然观察, 生物发光, 潮汐, 生长纹, 阴阳, 五行, 火, 八卦, 离卦, 姚宽, 广东新语, 屈大均, 民俗, 博物志