将失落的广东地方民俗文化重新带入大众视野

原文

粤不产玉,而广志云:白玉美者可以照面,出交州,又曲江县东有玉山,卉木茂滋,泉石澄润,相传为昔人采玉处。又琼山石,白润如玉,故名琼山。高州海中有文魮,其鸣似磐而生玉。《山海经》云:文魮状如覆铫,是生珠玉。然则粤亦有玉矣。语曰:涠蚌之胎有玫瑰,文魮之腹有美玉。或有赋云:鱼孕玉而长鸣,鳖弄珠而延伫。

白话

中文

广东(粤地)本来不产玉石。但《广州记》等地方志记载说:上等的白玉可以清晰地照出人脸,产于交州(今越南北部及广西部分地区)。此外,曲江县(今韶关市曲江区)东面有座玉山,山上草木繁盛,泉水清澈,山石温润,相传是古时候人们开采玉石的地方。还有,琼山(今海南部分地区)的石头,洁白温润如同美玉,因此得名琼山。高州(今广东高州)附近的海域中有一种叫做“文魮”的鱼,它的叫声像敲击的磐石,并且能生出玉石。《山海经》中也提到:文魮的形状像一个倒扣着的锅(铫),能产出珍珠和玉石。这样看来,广东其实也是产玉的。有俗语说:“涠地蚌壳的胎里能孕育玫瑰(可能指某种宝石或珍珠),文魮鱼的腹中能生出美玉。”也有赋曾写道:“鱼因腹中有玉而长鸣,鳖因口中玩珠而停留。”

英文

Guangdong (Yue) was not originally known to produce jade. However, local gazetteers such as the 'Guangzhou Ji' record that the finest white jade, clear enough to reflect a face, is produced in Jiaozhou (an ancient region covering parts of modern northern Vietnam and Guangxi). Furthermore, east of Qujiang County (present-day Qujiang District, Shaoguan City) lies a Jade Mountain (Yushan), characterized by lush vegetation, clear springs, and smooth, moist stones. It is traditionally believed to be a place where jade was mined in antiquity. Additionally, the stones from Qiongshan (in present-day Hainan) are white and lustrous like jade, which is why the place is named Qiongshan. In the seas near Gaozhou (present-day Gaozhou, Guangdong), there exists a fish known as the 'Wenpi' (文魮). Its cry resembles the sound of a chime stone, and it is said to produce jade. The 'Classic of Mountains and Seas' (Shanhai Jing) notes that the Wenpi resembles an overturned pot (diao) and produces pearls and jade. Thus, it appears that Guangdong does indeed have sources of jade. A saying goes: 'In the womb of the Wei oyster (possibly referring to oysters from Weizhou Island) lies rose (likely referring to a type of gem or pearl); in the belly of the Wenpi fish lies fine jade.' Some rhapsodies (fu) also mention: 'The fish, pregnant with jade, cries out continuously; the turtle, toying with a pearl, pauses and lingers.'

文化解读/分析

本条目探讨了广东地区与玉石的复杂关系,融合了地理认知、历史记载、地方传说与古代神话。屈大均首先提出普遍看法“粤不产玉”,随即引用《广志》等文献及地方传说,指出交州、曲江玉山、琼山等地亦与玉石或似玉之石有关联,甚至引述《山海经》中的神话生物“文魮”鱼能产玉,并将其与高州联系起来。这反映了几个文化现象:

  1. 玉的文化价值:玉在中国文化中象征纯洁、美好与尊贵,地方志中记录或传说本地产玉,往往带有提升地方声望的意涵。
  2. 知识体系的融合:作者将实际地理(广东各地)、历史文献(《广志》、《山海经》)、民间俗语和文学赋句并置,展现了清初文人综合运用不同来源信息构建地方知识图景的方式。
  3. 地方认同与想象:尽管广东非传统玉石主产区,但通过搜集各种与玉相关的线索,包括神话传说(如文魮产玉),构建了一种“粤亦有玉”的地方叙事,丰富了地方物产的想象空间,并 subtly 地将广东与珍贵资源和古老神话联系起来。
  4. 人与自然:文魮鱼、蚌、鳖等生物与玉、珠、玫瑰(宝石)的联系,体现了古人万物有灵、自然界蕴藏珍宝的观念,是岭南地区海洋文化与博物信仰的一种反映。

关键词

玉, 广东, 粤, 屈大均, 广东新语, 货语, 交州, 曲江, 玉山, 琼山, 高州, 文魮, 山海经, 地方志, 民俗, 传说, 物产, 宝石

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