原文
黩货
东粤之货，其出于九郡者，曰广货，出于琼州者，曰琼货，亦曰十三行货，出于西南诸番者，曰洋货。在昔州全盛时，番舶衔尾而至，其大笼江，望之如蜃楼屃赑。殊蛮穷岛之珍异，浪运风督，以凑郁江之步者，岁不下十余舶。豪商大贾，各以其土所宜，相贸得利不赀，故曰金山珠海，天子南库，贪者艳之。《晋书》称：广州包带山海，珍异所出，一箧之宝，可资数世。然地多瘴痿，人情惮焉。惟贫窭不能自立者，求补长吏。故前后刺史，皆多黩货。朝廷欲革其弊，以吴隐之为广州刺史。隐之至郡，清操异常，每食惟乾鱼菜。帷帐器服，皆附外库。其后有王琨者，刺史广州，人言南中沃实，官此者常致钜富，世云广州刺史，一经城门，即得三四十万。琨无所取纳，表献禄俸之半。有王僧孺者，为南海太守，叹曰：昔人为蜀部长史，终身无蜀物，吾欲遗吾子孙，不在越装。有张田者，知广州，尝谓人曰：南海饶诸珍物，但身为市舶使，不欲以此自污。作钦贤堂，绘古昔清刺史像，师事之。有周穜者，知广州。故事：番舶抵郡，犀象香珠之属悉选以献，曰呈样。穜一无所受，终任不至舶务。有余靖者，知广州，奏罢番舶之税，以来远人。又戒在任官吏。不得私市南药，及受给由苏息二钱。比自罢归，囊中无南海一物。有孔戣者，为岭南节度使，始至，免属州逋赋十八万缗、米八万斛、黄金税八百余两。番舶初来，有下碇税，有阅货宴，所饷犀象、香琲，下及仆隶，戣禁绝无求索。旧制，海商死者，官籍其货，满三月，无妻、子诣府，则没入之。戣以海道远，岁一往复，苟有验者，不为限，悉推与之。有卢钧者，为岭南节度使，番舶之来，旧帅皆作法兴利以致富。钧奏请监军领市舶使，己不干预。有韦正贯者，为岭南节度使，旧日番舶始至，大帅必取其上珍，而售以下直，番人厌苦之。正贯至，一无所取。之数公者，皆清廉自爱之君子，求其取所当取者不可得。况于身为大贾，斡山海之货，役利细民，与市井子孙争为奸利者乎！比年以来，岭海亦大空虚矣。所喜者大庾绾毂其口，百里间磴道巉岩，十郡之大阻恃焉。天欲留不尽之货财于南越，故以此台关一线为咽喉。俾玩巧事末之民，与夫鄙窳偷生者，得仰机利而食。不然者，地之所产者有尽，而贪人之捆载者无穷。岭海虽为天下饶，所存以为生且养者，亦无几矣。嗟夫！国之富藏之于民，复藏之于其地之民，夫使其地之民各享其利，而无眈眈者虎视其间，而其国治矣。
白话
中文
贪求财货
广东地区的货物，出自（除广州、肇庆、韶州、惠州、潮州、高州、廉州、雷州、罗定州之外的）九个郡的，称为“广货”；出自琼州的，称为“琼货”，也叫“十三行货”；出自西南各国的，称为“洋货”。在过去广州（作为通商口岸）鼎盛时期，外国商船接连不断地到来，它们庞大的船身布满江面，远远望去如同海市蜃楼和传说中能负重的巨龟。那些来自偏远异域和海岛的奇珍异宝，由海浪运送、季风催促，汇集到郁江（珠江）码头的，每年不少于十几艘。富有的商人们，各自用本地适合的物产，与外商交易，获得巨大的利润。因此，（广东）被称为“金山珠海”、“天子的南方宝库”，贪婪的人都对此垂涎不已。《晋书》记载：广州地处山海之间，出产各种珍奇，一箱子的宝物就足够几代人享用。然而，这个地方多瘴气疾病，人们内心害怕前往。只有那些贫困无法自立的人，才去请求担任这里的长官。所以，前后（来此地）的刺史，大多贪婪搜刮财货。朝廷想要革除这种弊端，任命吴隐之担任广州刺史。吴隐之到任后，品行操守异常清廉，每天吃饭只有干鱼和蔬菜。家里的帷帐、器具和衣服，都登记交由公家库房保管。他之后有个叫王琨的人，担任广州刺史。当时人们说南中（指南方，此指广州）富饶殷实，在这里做官常常能获得巨额财富，世人都说广州刺史只要一进城门，就能得到三四十万（钱）。王琨却不接受任何贿赂，还上表将自己一半的俸禄捐献出来。有个叫王僧孺的人，担任南海太守，感叹说：“古人担任蜀郡的长史，一辈子都不用蜀地的物品。我想要留给子孙的，不是广东的财物（而是清白的名声）。”有个叫张田的人，担任广州知州，曾经对人说：“南海富产各种珍宝，但我身为市舶使（管理海外贸易的官员），不想因此玷污自己。”他修建了钦贤堂，绘制了古代清廉刺史的画像，以他们为榜样。有个叫周穜的人，担任广州知州。按照惯例，外国商船抵达广州时，要把犀角、象牙、香料、珍珠之类的物品挑选出来献给官员，叫做“呈样”（实际上是贿赂）。周穜一概不接受，并且在整个任期内都不去处理与商船相关的事务。有个叫余靖的人，担任广州知州，上奏朝廷免除了外国商船的税收，以此招徕远方的商人。又告诫在任的官吏，不得私下买卖南方药材，以及收取名为“苏息”的两种规费。等到他任满回乡时，行囊中没有一件南海的物品。有个叫孔戣的人，担任岭南节度使，刚到任就免除了属下州县拖欠的赋税十八万贯、米八万斛、黄金税八百多两。外国商船刚来时，有“下碇税”（停泊税），有“阅货宴”（验货时举办的宴会），宴会上赠送的犀角、象牙、香料、珠琲等礼物，连官员的仆从都有份。孔戣禁止了这些，杜绝一切索取。旧制度规定，海外商人如果在本地去世，官府登记保管他的货物，满三个月没有妻儿来官府认领，就予以没收。孔戣认为海路遥远，往返一次需要一年，只要有凭证能够证明（是死者亲属），就不设期限，把货物全部归还给他们。有个叫卢钧的人，担任岭南节度使。过去外国商船到来时，节度使们都设法从中牟利致富。卢钧奏请朝廷让监军（监督军队的官员）兼管市舶使的职务，自己不加干预。有个叫韦正贯的人，担任岭南节度使。过去外国商船刚到时，节度使必定拿走其中最上等的珍品，却只付很低的价格，外国商人都对此感到厌恶和痛苦。韦正贯到任后，一件东西也不拿。以上这几位先生，都是清正廉洁、洁身自好的君子，想让他们拿取分内应得的财物都做不到，更何况是那些（贪官）像大商人一样，操纵山海之间的货物，盘剥小民，与市井之徒争夺不法利益呢！近些年来，岭南地区也变得非常空虚了。值得庆幸的是，大庾岭扼守着（岭南的）交通要道，百里之间险峻的石阶小路，是（岭南）十郡赖以屏障的天险。上天想要把无穷无尽的财富留在南越，所以用这处像平台关隘一样的狭窄通道作为咽喉。使得那些从事工巧末业的民众，以及那些生活困顿、苟且偷生的人们，能够依靠这里的贸易机会得以生存。否则的话，土地的出产是有限的，而贪婪之人搜刮运走的财富是无穷的。岭南虽然号称天下富饶，但能留下来赖以生存和养育百姓的东西，也就没多少了。唉！国家的财富应该藏于百姓之中，更应该藏在当地百姓的手中。如果能让当地的百姓各自享有本地的利益，没有贪婪的人在旁边虎视眈眈地觊觎，那么国家就能治理好了。
英文
Greed for Wealth
Goods from the Guangdong region are categorized as follows: those from the nine commanderies (excluding Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Shaozhou, Huizhou, Chaozhou, Gaozhou, Lianzhou, Leizhou, Luodingzhou) are called "Guang goods"; those from Qiongzhou (Hainan) are called "Qiong goods," also known as "Thirteen Hongs goods"; those from various southwestern foreign lands are called "foreign goods." In the past, during Guangzhou's peak (as a trading port), foreign merchant ships arrived in continuous succession, their massive hulls filling the river, resembling mirages and legendary load-bearing turtles from afar. Rare treasures from remote foreign lands and islands, carried by waves and driven by monsoons, converged at the docks of the Yu River (Pearl River), with no fewer than ten such ships arriving annually. Wealthy merchants traded suitable local products with foreign traders, reaping immense profits. Thus, Guangdong was called the "Gold Mountain and Pearl Sea," the "Emperor's Southern Treasury," coveted by the greedy. The Book of Jin records: "Guangzhou encompasses mountains and seas, producing various treasures; a single chest of jewels could sustain several generations." However, the area suffered from miasma and disease, making people reluctant to go there. Only the poor and unable to support themselves sought appointments as senior officials there. Consequently, successive prefects were often corrupt, avariciously seeking wealth. The imperial court wished to rectify this vice and appointed Wu Yinzhi as the Prefect of Guangzhou. Upon arrival, Wu Yinzhi demonstrated exceptional integrity, eating only dried fish and vegetables daily. His household curtains, utensils, and clothing were all registered and stored in the public warehouse. After him, a man named Wang Kun served as Prefect of Guangzhou. It was said that the south (referring to Guangzhou here) was rich and fertile, and officials there often amassed great fortunes; it was commonly said that a Prefect of Guangzhou could gain 300,000 to 400,000 (cash) just by entering the city gates. Wang Kun, however, accepted no bribes and petitioned to donate half of his salary. A man named Wang Sengru, serving as the Grand Administrator of Nanhai, lamented: "In ancient times, the Chief Clerk of Shu Commandery used no Shu products throughout his life. What I wish to leave to my descendants is not the wealth of Yue (Guangdong) [but a reputation for integrity]." A man named Zhang Tian, serving as the Prefect of Guangzhou, once told others: "Nanhai abounds in various treasures, but as the Maritime Trade Commissioner, I do not wish to stain myself with them." He built the Hall for Admiring Worthies (Qinxian Tang), commissioned portraits of upright prefects of the past, and looked to them as models. A man named Zhou Chong served as the Prefect of Guangzhou. According to custom, when foreign ships arrived, items like rhinoceros horns, ivory, spices, and pearls were selected and presented to officials, a practice called "presenting samples" (effectively bribery). Zhou Chong accepted none of it and avoided dealing with ship-related affairs throughout his term. A man named Yu Jing, serving as the Prefect of Guangzhou, memorialized the throne to abolish taxes on foreign ships to attract merchants from afar. He also admonished officials in office not to engage in private trade of southern medicines or accept two types of fees known as "Suxi" money. When he left office and returned home, his bags contained not a single item from Nanhai. A man named Kong Kui served as the Military Governor (Jiedushi) of Lingnan. Upon arrival, he exempted the subordinate prefectures from overdue taxes amounting to 180,000 strings of cash, 80,000 hu (bushels) of rice, and over 800 taels of gold tax. When foreign ships first arrived, there were docking taxes ("xiading shui") and cargo inspection banquets ("yuehuo yan"), during which gifts like rhinoceros horns, ivory, spices, and pearls were distributed, even down to the officials' servants. Kong Kui prohibited these practices, eliminating all demands. According to the old system, if an overseas merchant died locally, the government would register and hold his goods; if no wife or children came to claim them within three months, the goods were confiscated. Kong Kui considered the sea routes long, with round trips taking a year, so as long as claimants could provide proof (of kinship), he disregarded the time limit and returned all goods to them. A man named Lu Jun served as the Military Governor of Lingnan. Previously, when foreign ships arrived, governors devised ways to profit from them and become rich. Lu Jun requested the court to appoint the Army Supervisor (Jianjun) to concurrently manage the Maritime Trade Commissioner's duties, keeping himself uninvolved. A man named Wei Zhengguan served as the Military Governor of Lingnan. In the past, when foreign ships first arrived, the governor would invariably take the finest treasures, paying only a low price, which the foreign merchants resented bitterly. After Wei Zhengguan arrived, he took nothing. These gentlemen mentioned above were all upright, incorruptible, and self-respecting individuals; one could not even persuade them to take what was rightfully theirs. How much worse, then, were those (corrupt officials) who acted like great merchants, manipulating goods from mountains and seas, exploiting the common people, and competing with merchants' sons for illicit gains! In recent years, the Lingnan region has become greatly depleted. Fortunately, the Dayu Ridge guards the passage (to Lingnan); its perilous stone paths stretching for a hundred li serve as a natural barrier for the ten commanderies [of Lingnan]. Heaven intended to keep inexhaustible wealth in Nanyue (Southern Yue), using this pass, like a narrow throat at a strategic platform, as a choke point. This allows the people engaged in crafts and minor trades, as well as those living precariously, to survive by relying on the opportunities provided by trade here. Otherwise, the land's produce is finite, while the wealth carried away by greedy individuals is infinite. Although Lingnan is known as the most affluent region under Heaven, little remains for the sustenance and nurturing of its people. Alas! A nation's wealth should be stored among its people, specifically among the local people. If the local people can each enjoy the benefits of their region without covetous eyes watching greedily, then the nation will be well-governed.
文化解读/分析
本条目“黩货”深刻揭示了清初广东作为重要贸易口岸所面临的经济繁荣与官场腐败之间的尖锐矛盾。屈大均通过列举一系列历史上的清廉官员（如吴隐之、王琨、余靖、孔戣等）与贪腐现象的对比，不仅记录了广东特定的贸易环境（广货、琼货、洋货的区分，番舶贸易的盛况），更着重探讨了地方治理与官德的核心问题。
- 经济与贸易史价值：详细记述了广东作为“金山珠海”、“天子南库”的富庶及其来源——繁盛的海外贸易。提及“番舶”、“市舶使”、“呈样”（实为贿赂）、“下碇税”等，反映了当时海上贸易的具体运作方式和相关制度（或陋规），是研究明清时期，特别是清初广东海上丝绸之路贸易、市舶制度及相关经济活动的重要史料。
- 地方治理与社会批判：文章的核心是批判官员利用职权在贸易中牟取私利（黩货）的现象。屈大均借古讽今，通过颂扬吴隐之、王琨等清官的廉洁事迹，强烈谴责了与民争利的贪官污吏。这反映了中国传统儒家思想中对“清官”的推崇和对“贪腐”的鞭挞，以及“藏富于民”的政治理想。他指出广州因其富庶和地理（瘴疠）成为贫者求官之地，暗示了制度性因素对腐败的诱发。
- 民俗与观念：“广州刺史，一经城门，即得三四十万”这句俗语，生动反映了当时社会对于广州官场“油水丰厚”的普遍认知和某种程度上的“潜规则”预期。官员拒收“呈样”、不私市南药、不取海商遗财等行为，反衬出这些行为在当时可能已是普遍或被默许的“习俗”或“陋规”。
- 作者立场与情感：屈大均作为明末遗民，其文字带有对现实（清初）的忧虑和批判。他感叹“岭海亦大空虚矣”，流露出对地方财富流失的痛心。他对大庾岭地理作用的描述，寄托了一种希望地方财富能为本地百姓所享有的朴素愿望，体现了其关注民生、强调地方利益的立场。结尾“国之富藏之于民，复藏之于其地之民”的议论，升华了文章主旨，提出了理想的治理模式。
总之，“黩货”条目不仅是关于广东贸易和物产的记述，更是一篇充满道德关怀和政治批判色彩的檄文，对于理解清初广东的社会经济状况、官场生态、地方治理困境以及作者本人的思想具有重要价值。
关键词
广东新语, 屈大均, 黩货, 贪污, 廉洁, 清官, 贪官, 广东贸易, 广州, 岭南, 海上贸易, 市舶使, 番舶, 吴隐之, 王琨, 余靖, 孔戣, 地方治理, 藏富于民