将失落的广东地方民俗文化重新带入大众视野

古钱

原文

自河头至高、雷二郡,用唐宋钱,廉州则用开元钱,开元钱以面有半月痕者为贵。相传开元铸钱,贵妃指甲误触其模,冶吏不敢擅易,此半月痕即贵妃指甲云。又高、雷、廉用元丰钱,以平头元为上,尖头元次之。平头元者,元字上一画平也,尖者作一点,行书也,前世钱文未有行书者。淳化中,太宗始以宸翰为之,既成,以赐近臣,名御书钱,其用万历钱,则以跂历者为上。跂者,历字左撇直下也,交趾亦用宋钱,以六十钱为一勺,琼用钱以六孔为一钱,六十为一两,六百为一贯,数皆以六。

白话

中文

从河头(广东地名,可能指肇庆附近)到高州、雷州两个郡,当地使用的是唐代和宋代的钱币。廉州府则主要使用唐代的开元通宝,其中钱币表面带有半月形痕迹的被认为更珍贵。相传唐玄宗开元年间铸造钱币时,杨贵妃的指甲不小心碰到了钱模,负责铸造的官员不敢擅自改动,因此留下了这半月形的痕迹,据说就是杨贵妃的指甲印。此外,高州、雷州、廉州也使用宋代的元丰通宝,其中“元”字顶部第一横是平直的(称为“平头元”)价值较高,“元”字顶部写作一个点状、如同行书写法的(称为“尖头元”)价值稍次。以前的钱币上没有使用行书字体的。直到宋代淳化年间,宋太宗赵光义才开始用他亲笔书写的字体(包括行书、草书)作为钱文,铸成后赐给亲近的大臣,称为“御书钱”。至于明代的万历通宝,则以“跂历”版的为上品。“跂历”是指“历”字左边的“禾”旁那一撇直接竖直向下。交趾(今越南北部)也使用宋代的钱币,以六十枚钱为一“勺”。琼州(今海南)使用钱币,以六个穿孔(的某种贝壳或代币)算作一钱(此处的“钱”可能指一个基础计价单位,而非铜钱本身),六十钱(个单位)为一两,六百钱(个单位)为一贯,计算都以六为基数。

英文

From Hetou (a location in Guangdong, possibly near Zhaoqing) to the prefectures of Gaozhou and Leizhou, coins from the Tang and Song dynasties were used. Lianzhou prefecture primarily used Kaiyuan Tongbao coins from the Tang Dynasty, with those bearing a crescent-shaped mark on the surface considered more valuable. Legend has it that when coins were being minted during the Kaiyuan era of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Imperial Consort Yang Guifei accidentally touched a coin mold with her fingernail. The minting officials dared not alter it, resulting in this crescent mark, said to be Yang Guifei's fingerprint. Furthermore, Gaozhou, Leizhou, and Lianzhou also used Yuanfeng Tongbao coins from the Song Dynasty. Those with the top horizontal stroke of the character "元" (Yuan) written flat ("Pingtou Yuan" or "Flat-head Yuan") were valued higher, while those where the top stroke resembled a dot, characteristic of running script ("Jiantou Yuan" or "Pointed-head Yuan"), were valued slightly less. Previously, running script had not been used on coins. It wasn't until the Chunhua era (990-994 AD) of the Song Dynasty that Emperor Taizong (Zhao Guangyi) began using his own calligraphy (including running and cursive scripts) for coin inscriptions. Once minted, these coins were bestowed upon close courtiers and were known as "Imperial Script Coins" (Yushu Qian). As for the Wanli Tongbao coins of the Ming Dynasty, the "Qili" version was considered superior. "Qili" refers to the version where the left-hand stroke (pie) of the left radical ("禾" - hé) in the character "曆" (lì) goes straight down vertically. Jiaozhi (present-day northern Vietnam) also used Song Dynasty coins, counting sixty coins as one "sháo". In Qiongzhou (present-day Hainan), currency involved counting six "holes" (likely referring to cowries or tokens with holes) as one "qian" (which might represent a basic accounting unit rather than a copper coin itself), sixty "qian" units as one "liang" (tael), and six hundred "qian" units as one "guan" (string), with all calculations based on the number six.

文化解读/分析

本条目记录了清初广东部分地区及邻近地区(越南北部、海南)流通古钱币的情况,具有重要的货币史、地方史和民俗学价值。

  1. 货币流通的区域性与复杂性:文章揭示了清初广东并非统一使用清代制钱,高州、雷州、廉州等地仍在广泛使用唐、宋旧钱,甚至远至明代的万历钱。这反映了当时官方货币发行和流通可能存在不足,地方经济对旧有货币体系的依赖,以及区域间经济发展不平衡和贸易习惯的差异。
  2. 古钱的收藏与鉴赏:文中详细描述了不同古钱的版别及其价值差异,如开元钱的“半月痕”、元丰钱的“平头元”与“尖头元”、万历钱的“跂历”。这表明当时社会上已存在对古钱的收藏、鉴赏风气和相应的价值判断标准,体现了特定的钱币学知识和审美趣味。
  3. 历史传说与钱币文化:开元通宝“半月痕”被附会为杨贵妃指甲印的传说,是典型的将历史名人轶事与实物特征相结合的民间叙事。这不仅为钱币本身增添了趣味性和文化附加值,也反映了民众对历史人物(尤其是充满传奇色彩的女性)的想象和传播方式。
  4. 书法艺术与货币:“御书钱”的记载点明了中国历史上皇帝以个人书法入钱文的独特现象,特别是宋太宗首次使用行、草书体,将书法艺术与国家象征(货币)相结合,提升了钱币的文化内涵和艺术价值。元丰钱“平头”与“尖头”(行书)的区分,也体现了书法风格对钱币版别划分的影响。
  5. 独特的区域计数单位:交趾(越南)使用宋钱并以六十钱为一“勺”,琼州(海南)的计数体系完全以六为基数(六孔为一钱单位,六十钱为一两,六百钱为一贯)。这两种异于中原传统十进制或千进制(一贯千钱)的计数方式,凸显了地方性或受特定文化(如海南可能存在的“六进制”习俗)影响的经济计量习惯,是研究地方经济史和文化习俗的宝贵资料。海南“六孔为一钱”的描述,可能暗示了早期使用贝币或其他非金属代币的历史遗留。

关键词

广东, 清代, 屈大均, 古钱, 货币, 钱币, 流通, 唐代, 宋代, 明代, 开元通宝, 元丰通宝, 万历通宝, 御书钱, 淳化元宝, 高州, 雷州, 廉州, 琼州, 海南, 交趾, 越南, 半月痕, 杨贵妃, 传说, 平头元, 尖头元, 行书, 跂历, 版别, 鉴赏, 收藏, 钱币学, 计数单位, 勺, 六进制

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