原文
素馨斜,在广州城西十里三角市,南汉葬美人之所也。有美人喜簪素馨,死后遂多种素馨于冢上,故曰素馨斜。至今素馨酷烈,胜于他处。以弥望悉是此花,又名曰花田。方信儒诗:“千年艳骨掩尘沙,尚有余香入野花。何似原头美人草,风前犹作舞腰斜。”予诗:“花田旧是内人斜,南汉风流此一家。千载香销珠海上,春魂犹作素馨花。”近崇祯间,有名姬张乔死,人各种花一本于其冢,凡得数百本,五色烂然,与花田相望,亦曰花冢。予诗:“北同青草冢,南似素馨斜。终古芳魂在,依依为汉家。”冢在白云山梅坳。
白话
中文
素馨斜,位于广州城西边十里的三角市,是南汉时期埋葬美人的地方。据说有位美人喜欢用素馨花做头饰,去世后人们便在她的坟墓上种植了许多素馨花,因此这个地方被称为“素馨斜”。至今这里的素馨花香气依然特别浓郁,胜过其他地方。因为放眼望去全是这种花,所以又叫做“花田”。方信儒有诗写道:“千年的红颜枯骨被尘沙掩盖,但仍有残存的香气融入野花之中。这情景多像那草原上的美人草,在风中依然摇曳着如同舞女的纤腰。”我的诗写道:“花田从前就是宫女的坟墓,南汉的风流韵事在此独具一格。千年的芳香消散在珠江海面,春天的芳魂仿佛还化作素馨花。”近代崇祯年间,有一位名叫张乔的名妓去世,人们各自在她的坟上种下一株花,总共得到数百株,五彩缤纷,非常绚烂,与(素馨斜的)花田遥遥相望,这个地方也被称为“花冢”。我的诗写道:“(此冢)在北方如同青草冢,在南方则类似素馨斜。千古的芳魂依然存在,仿佛依恋着汉家(此处或指南汉,或泛指)。”张乔的坟墓在白云山的梅坳。
英文
Suxin Xie (Jasminum Grandiflorum Slope) is located at Sanjiao Shi (Triangle Market), ten li west of Guangzhou city. It is the burial place of a beautiful lady from the Southern Han Dynasty. It is said that a court lady loved to adorn her hair with jasmine flowers (Suxin). After her death, many jasmine plants were planted on her tomb, hence the name "Suxin Xie". To this day, the jasmine flowers here are exceptionally fragrant, surpassing those elsewhere. As the area is filled with these flowers as far as the eye can see, it is also called "Hua Tian" (Flower Field). Fang Xinru wrote a poem: "A thousand years of beautiful bones buried in dust and sand, yet lingering fragrance still permeates the wild flowers. How it resembles the 'beauty grass' on the plains, still swaying like a dancer's waist in the wind." My poem reads: "The Flower Field was once the slope for the palace lady, a unique elegance of the Southern Han. A thousand years of fragrance dissipated over the Pearl Sea, yet her spring soul still blooms as jasmine flowers." Recently, during the Chongzhen reign (late Ming Dynasty), a famous courtesan named Zhang Qiao died. People each planted a flower on her tomb, resulting in several hundred plants of various colors, creating a brilliant sight. This place, facing the Flower Field (Suxin Xie), is also called "Hua Zhong" (Flower Tomb). My poem reads: "In the north, it resembles the Qingcao Zhong (Green Grass Tomb); in the south, it is like Suxin Xie. Her fragrant soul persists through the ages, seemingly attached to the Han dynasty (possibly referring to Southern Han or generally)." Zhang Qiao's tomb is located at Mei Ao (Plum Hollow) on Baiyun Mountain.
文化解读/分析
“素馨斜”条目不仅记录了一个地名的由来,更承载了丰富的文化内涵与民俗信息。
- 地名传说与历史记忆:“素馨斜”源于南汉宫廷美人的传说,将地名与特定历史时期(南汉)、人物(爱花美人)及植物(素馨花)紧密联系,反映了地方历史文化在民间口传和地名上的积淀。这种以香花美人命名墓地的做法,寄托了后人对逝者的美好想象与怀念。
- 素馨花文化象征:素馨花在古代岭南,特别是广州,是一种备受喜爱的香花,常用于女性妆饰。“素馨斜”的素馨花“酷烈,胜于他处”,既可能因特殊的水土或种植历史,也象征着美人不朽的芬芳与魅力。“春魂犹作素馨花”的诗句,更是将人的精神、灵魂与花融为一体,体现了中国传统文化中“香魂”、“花魂”的观念。
- “花田”与“花冢”意象:从南汉的“素馨斜”(花田)到明末张乔的“花冢”,反映了以种植花卉来纪念逝者,尤其是美丽女性的习俗在岭南地区的延续。这种做法将墓地转化为充满生机与色彩的“花田”或“花冢”,淡化了死亡的悲凉,赋予其审美意义和诗意想象,成为文人墨客凭吊和吟咏的对象。屈大均将两者并举,并与北方的“青草冢”对比,展现了他对地方风物、历史传说和民俗现象的敏锐观察与人文关怀。
- 民俗价值:此条目为了解古代广州地区的丧葬习俗(特别是与女性和花卉相关的部分)、地名文化、植物崇拜以及文人如何通过诗歌参与地方传说的建构与传播提供了宝贵的资料。它展示了自然景观(花田)、历史传说(南汉美人)和文化习俗(种花于冢)如何交织在一起,形成独特的地域文化符号。
关键词
素馨斜, 广州, 三角市, 南汉, 美人冢, 素馨花, 花田, 坟语, 屈大均, 广东新语, 岭南文化, 民俗, 传说, 地名, 方信儒, 张乔, 花冢, 白云山, 梅坳