原文

王将军墓

王将军墓，在广州珠江南岸三山之阳。其碣曰："皇明虎贲将军县伯电辉王公偕同节元配张氏一品夫人暨十五庶夫人之墓。"吾粤人所立也。天下罕此墓碣，荣矣哉！予尝为王将军作传，而陈子恭尹为之歌曰："炎方有义士，姓王名曰兴。十三学杀人，十五手搏狼。三十建义旗，姓名惊一方。天子颁虎符，作镇鼍江阳。翠华日以远，地绝军弥张。百战环冈州，冒死披残疆。海滨富斥卤，重林与连冈。高者掩云日，远者浮苍茫。煮波致财货，铸冶成刀枪。宫室何所居，天家侯与王。藁粟何所馈，从驾子与娘。心胆何所赠，海内豪与英。敌兵四面来，众士各逞强。将军跃上马，命客持一觞。独出挥长戈，两目流电光。直取首来将，生挟归戎行。顾饮所持酒，昔热犹未凉。相待及三月，彍骑皆奔亡。来时三万人，半还仍重伤。奏功自间道，涉瘴徂昆明。黄金三千镒，玉帛各有筐。天驷方驱驰，下臣效刍浆。臣兴昧死上，帝曰兴卿良。赉爵列五等，高兽盘银章。其文曰虎贲，将军荡南荒。敌人闻之惧，虓虎盈千旗。来者左右贤，其君督责之。不得此弹丸，若辈何生为。上天仍助虐，其年兼荐饥。将军察天命，命匠搜良材。斫以为巨棺，彩翣悬葳蕤。约日出合战，敌怯不敢来。坚壁十里外，迤逦兴长围。沟垒内外防，突援无所施。始从戊戌夏，两及中秋期。战士饭草土，抱骨还登陴。所忧负将军，糜烂死犹归。将军曰呜呼，共尽终何裨。我乃报国恩，汝当全宗支。乃命幼子九，先出卑其辞。卜吉结欢会，敌将不致疑。是夜一更终，将军诀所知。夫人翠凤冠，有母头如丝。侍妾十五人，左右皆肩随。肃肃何雍雍，俱集园东陲。上有古梅树，樛结垂高枝。白石为几席，皎月明苍苔。将军命夫人，拜别而慈闱。拜毕与将军，四拜中间居。十五妾罗拜，〈女更〉娟无参差。夫人命尊酒，有脯形如圭。酌罢提群妾，先挂临中闺。阿母大惊呼，将军言勿悲。著我锦绣袍，麒麟当心开。戴我七梁冠，簪缨郁崔嵬。玉带与玺书，次第皆抱怀。置敕中堂上，灯烛荣且辉。望阙遥谢恩，臣死有赧颜。报君一身少，妻孥同摧残。房中何所有，火花堆如山。将军未即死，先解夫人缳。次及妾十五，列置火药端。出户著朝衣，捧敕仍来还。飞身乃入火，烈焰贯高天。鸡鸣部曲入，白骨空巑岏。举哀建素旒，合敛归巨棺。敌人亦流涕，况在同肺肝。卜葬三山阳，隐约题墓门。岁时俎豆陈，宿草来攀援。"

白话

中文

王将军墓

王将军的墓，位于广州珠江南岸三山的南面。墓碑上写着：“皇明虎贲将军县伯电辉王公偕同节元配张氏一品夫人暨十五庶夫人之墓。”这是我们广东人所立的。天下很少有这样的墓碑，真是荣耀啊！我（屈大均）曾经为王将军写过传记，而陈恭尹先生则为他作了一首歌，歌词唱道：

“南方有位义士，姓王名兴。十三岁就学习杀敌本领，十五岁能徒手搏击恶狼。三十岁举起义旗，威名震动一方。天子颁赐虎符，命他镇守鼍江（指广东某地）以南。皇帝的仪仗日渐远去（指南明政权衰微），地处偏远但军队反而更加壮大。在冈州（今新会一带）周围身经百战，冒着生命危险开拓残破的疆土。海边有富饶的盐碱地，还有茂密的森林和连绵的山冈。高山遮天蔽日，远方景象苍茫。通过煮海水制盐获得财富，开炉冶炼铸造刀枪。居住的宫室像什么呢？如同天子家的侯爵和王爷。粮草从哪里来？有跟随他的子弟和妇女供给。心肝胆识托付给谁？是海内的英雄豪杰。

敌兵四面八方围攻过来，士兵们各自奋力逞强。将军飞身跃上战马，命随从端来一杯酒。独自冲出阵地挥舞长戈，双目炯炯如同闪电。直取敌方为首的将领，将他生擒活捉带回营中。回头喝下刚才那杯酒，当初的热度竟然还未完全冷却。双方相持了三个月，精锐的敌军骑兵都已溃逃。来时有三万敌人，回去时不到一半还带着重伤。将军从小路秘密报捷，穿越瘴疠之地去到昆明（指南明永历帝所在）。献上黄金三千镒，玉器丝帛各装满筐。天子的车驾正在奔波，臣下愿效犬马之劳。臣王兴冒死上奏，皇帝说：‘兴爱卿，你很好！’赏赐爵位列入五等，银印上雕刻着猛兽图案。封号是‘虎贲将军’，负责扫荡南方的蛮荒之地。敌人听到他的名号就恐惧，仿佛千面旗帜上都画着咆哮的猛虎。

来犯的敌人是左右贤王（清军将领），他们的君主（清帝）督促责备他们：‘如果连这弹丸之地都拿不下，你们这些人活着还有什么用？’老天爷似乎也助纣为虐，那一年又连遭饥荒。将军察知天命难违，命令工匠搜寻优良木材。砍伐下来做成巨大的棺木，悬挂起彩色的旗幡和饰物。约定日期出城决战，但敌人胆怯不敢应战。他们在十里之外坚守营垒，逐渐展开形成长长的包围圈。内外都挖掘了壕沟壁垒严密防守，我方突围和外援都无法实施。从戊戌年的夏天开始，经历了两次中秋节。战士们只能吃草根啃树皮，抱着枯瘦的身体仍然登上城墙守卫。他们只担心对不起将军，即使身体糜烂战死也要回来。

将军叹息道：‘唉，大家一起牺牲最终又有什么益处呢？我是为了报效国家恩典，你们应当保全自己的家族后代。’于是命令年幼的第九个儿子，先出城去用谦卑的言辞（诈降）。选定吉日举办和谈宴会，敌将果然没有怀疑。这天夜里一更刚过，将军与亲近的人诀别。他的夫人头戴翠凤冠，他的老母亲头发已如白丝。十五位侍妾，都紧随在左右。场面肃穆而又从容，全都聚集在花园东边。那里有棵古老的梅树，枝干虬曲下垂。以白石作为几案和坐席，皎洁的月光照亮了青苔。将军命令夫人，向母亲（婆婆）叩拜告别。拜完后，夫人与将军一起，在中间向四方叩拜。十五位侍妾围绕着叩拜，个个容貌娇美，行列整齐。夫人命人端上美酒，还有圭形的肉干。饮罢，夫人带领众侍妾，首先在中堂内悬梁自尽。老母亲见状大声惊呼，将军说：‘不要悲伤。’

将军穿上我的锦绣官袍，胸前绣着麒麟图案。戴上我的七梁官帽，帽上的簪缨高耸华美。将玉带和皇帝的诏书，依次都抱在怀中。把敕令放置在中堂之上，灯烛照耀得无比辉煌。朝着京城（象征朝廷）的方向遥拜谢恩，（心想）‘臣下死了也觉得羞愧难当。报答君王的恩情，牺牲我一人太少，竟连累妻儿一同毁灭。’房间里有什么呢？是堆积如山的火药。将军没有立刻赴死，先解下夫人的绳索，接着是十五位侍妾，将她们的遗体排列放置在火药上。走出房门，穿上朝服，捧着敕令又返回屋内。纵身跃入火中，熊熊烈焰直冲高天。鸡鸣时分，部下士兵进入，只见白骨散乱堆积，惨不忍睹。大家恸哭哀悼，竖起白色的幡旗，将遗骸合葬于那口巨大的棺木之中。连敌人听闻此事也为之流泪，更何况是情同手足的同胞呢。选择墓地安葬在三山的南坡，墓门上隐约题刻了文字。每年按时节祭祀，坟头的野草年复一年地生长蔓延。”

英文

General Wang's Tomb

General Wang's tomb is located south of the Pearl River in Guangzhou, on the southern side of the Three Mountains (Sanshan). Its inscription reads: "Tomb of the Illustrious Ming Dynasty Tiger-like Courage General (Huben Jiangjun), Count of the County (Xian Bo), Dianhui, Lord Wang, together with his principal wife of virtue, Lady Zhang of the First Rank, and his fifteen secondary consorts." It was erected by us, the people of Guangdong (Yue). Such a tomb inscription is rare in the world; how glorious! I (Qu Dajun) once wrote a biography for General Wang, and Mr. Chen Gongyin composed a song for him, which goes:

"In the southern regions, there was a righteous man, surnamed Wang, named Xing. At thirteen, he learned the art of killing enemies; at fifteen, he wrestled wolves barehanded. At thirty, he raised the banner of righteousness, his name startling the region. The Son of Heaven granted him a tiger tally, appointing him to garrison south of the Tuo River. The emperor's presence grew distant (signifying the decline of the Southern Ming), yet in this remote land, his army grew stronger. He fought a hundred battles around Gangzhou (modern Xinhui area), risking death to reclaim ravaged territory. The coast was rich with salt marshes, dense forests, and rolling hills. The high peaks touched the clouds and sun, the distance faded into vastness. He boiled seawater for salt to gain wealth, smelted metal to forge blades and spears. What were his dwellings like? Like those of marquises and princes of the imperial house. Where did provisions come from? Supplied by the sons and daughters who followed him. To whom did he pledge his heart and courage? To the heroes and elites of the realm.

Enemy troops came from all directions, his soldiers each fought fiercely. The General leaped onto his horse, ordering an attendant to hold a cup of wine. Alone, he charged out, wielding his long halberd, his eyes flashing like lightning. He went straight for the enemy commander, capturing him alive and bringing him back to camp. Turning back, he drank the wine he held; its former heat had not yet cooled. After a standoff of three months, the elite enemy cavalry had all fled. Thirty thousand enemies came, less than half returned, heavily wounded. He reported his success via secret paths, crossing miasmic lands to reach Kunming (where the Southern Ming Yongli Emperor was). He presented three thousand yi of gold, and baskets filled with jade and silk. 'The imperial carriage is on the move,' he reported, 'your humble servant offers his utmost service.' 'I, Xing, risk death to report,' he declared. The Emperor said, 'Xing, my good minister!' He bestowed upon him a noble rank among the five orders, with a silver seal engraved with a fierce beast. Its inscription read 'Tiger-like Courage,' the General who pacifies the southern wilds. His enemies feared upon hearing his name, like seeing a thousand banners depicting roaring tigers.

The attacking enemies were the Left and Right Worthy Princes (Qing commanders), whose ruler (the Qing Emperor) urged them on: 'If you cannot take this tiny piece of land, what use is there in your lives?' Heaven seemed to aid the cruel; that year was also struck by famine. The General understood the Mandate of Heaven was shifting; he ordered artisans to find the best timber. They felled it to make a huge coffin, adorned with colorful pennants and tassels. He set a date for a decisive battle, but the enemy was cowardly and dared not come. They fortified their walls ten li away, gradually forming a long siege line. Ditches and ramparts defended both inside and out; breakouts and reinforcements were impossible. Starting from the summer of the Wuxu year, two Mid-Autumn Festivals passed. His warriors ate grass and earth, hugging their skeletal frames as they returned to man the ramparts. Their only fear was failing the General; they would rather die horribly than retreat.

The General sighed, 'Alas, what benefit is there in all of us perishing together? I must repay the Emperor's grace, but you should preserve your family lines.' He then ordered his young ninth son to go out first with humble words (feigning surrender). A date was chosen for a reconciliation feast; the enemy general suspected nothing. That night, after the first watch, the General bid farewell to his intimates. His wife wore a kingfisher-feather phoenix crown; his mother's hair was white as silk. Fifteen concubines followed closely on either side. Solemnly yet composedly, they all gathered at the eastern edge of the garden. There stood an ancient plum tree, its gnarled branches drooping low. White stones served as tables and seats, the bright moon illuminated the green moss. The General ordered his wife to kowtow and bid farewell to her mother-in-law. After bowing, she and the General kowtowed four times together in the center. The fifteen concubines bowed in a circle, all beautiful and orderly. The wife ordered fine wine and jade-tablet-shaped dried meat. After drinking, she led the group of concubines and hanged themselves first in the central hall. The old mother cried out in alarm; the General said, 'Do not grieve.'

He put on his embroidered robe, with a Qilin pattern emblazoned on the chest. He wore his seven-beamed official hat, its tassels and pins tall and magnificent. He held the jade belt and the imperial edict close to his chest in sequence. He placed the edict on the main hall table, where lamps and candles shone brightly. Facing the direction of the capital (symbolizing the court), he bowed remotely to express thanks. 'Your servant feels shame in death,' he thought. 'Repaying the Emperor with my life alone is too little; my wife and children are destroyed along with me.' What was in the room? A mountain-like pile of gunpowder. The General did not die immediately; he first cut down his wife's body, then those of the fifteen concubines, arranging them on top of the gunpowder. He went out, put on his court attire, picked up the edict, and returned inside. He leaped into the fire; fierce flames shot up to the high heavens. At cockcrow, his troops entered, finding only scattered white bones amidst the devastation. They mourned, raised white banners, gathered the remains, and placed them together in the giant coffin. Even the enemy shed tears upon hearing this, let alone those who were like brothers. They chose a burial site on the southern slope of the Three Mountains, faintly inscribing the tomb gate. At yearly festivals, offerings are laid out; overgrown grass clings to the site year after year."

文化解读/分析

此条目记述了明末清初广东将领王兴（字电辉）的墓葬及其壮烈殉国的事迹，具有重要的历史文化与民俗价值。

1. 彰显忠烈与气节：王兴的故事是明末遗民反抗清朝统治、坚守忠义的典型代表。在南明政权倾颓、外有强敌、内有饥荒的绝境下，王兴宁死不降，最终选择与全家（包括老母、元配夫人及十五位庶夫人）一同自焚殉国。这种行为在传统儒家文化中被视为“舍生取义”、“杀身成仁”的最高气节表现，体现了对故国的极端忠诚和对个人名节的坚守。陈恭尹的长诗详细描绘了王兴的英勇善战、忠心报国以及最后从容赴死的悲壮场面，旨在颂扬其忠烈精神。
2. 反映明末清初的社会动荡与地方抵抗：该记载生动反映了明清易代之际广东地区的残酷战争、社会动荡和地方武装的顽强抵抗。诗中提及王兴“百战环冈州”、“冒死披残疆”，以及与清军的长期围困战，揭示了当时战争的惨烈和地方势力（如王兴）在维系南明政权中的作用。同时也反映了战争对百姓生活造成的苦难（“战士饭草土”）。
3. 地方英雄崇拜与集体记忆：墓碑由“吾粤人所立”，表明王兴被广东地方民众视为本土英雄。为其立碑、作传、作歌，都是地方社会对其功绩和气节的认可与纪念。王将军墓成为承载地方历史记忆、凝聚乡土认同感的文化符号。屈大均收录此事并引诗，进一步强化了王兴作为广东忠烈代表的形象，使其事迹得以流传，成为地方叙事的一部分。
4. 儒家伦理与家族观念的体现：王兴携家眷一同殉难，虽然极端，但也折射出中国传统“家国同构”的观念，即家族荣辱与国家兴亡紧密相连。元配张氏及众妾的从容赴死，被视为符合“夫为妻纲”的伦理规范和对家族荣誉的维护。然而，这一行为也凸显了在特定历史情境下，个体（尤其是女性）命运对宗法伦理和政治忠诚的绝对依附，以及其间的残酷性。老母在场的悲剧性，更增添了伦理冲突的张力。
5. 墓葬文化与风俗：记载描述了墓碑的形制和罕见性（合葬多人），以及后人按时祭祀（“岁时俎豆陈”）的风俗，反映了中国重视墓葬、崇敬祖先和纪念先烈的文化传统。巨棺的准备、“卜葬三山阳”等细节也涉及了当时的丧葬习俗。

总而言之，“王将军墓”不仅是一个历史事件的记录，更是一个承载着忠义、气节、地方认同、家国观念和时代悲剧的文化文本，对于理解明末清初广东社会历史、人物精神风貌以及相关民俗信仰具有重要价值。

关键词

王兴, 王将军, 王电辉, 明末清初, 南明, 广东, 广州, 三山, 墓葬, 殉国, 自焚, 忠烈, 气节, 虎贲将军, 县伯, 张氏, 庶夫人, 陈恭尹, 屈大均, 广东新语, 地方英雄, 战争, 围困, 冈州, 儒家伦理, 家族观念, 祭祀, 民俗