原文

海门

南海之门最多。从广州而出者曰虎头门，最大。小者曰虎跳，曰鸡踏，曰鸡蹄，曰三门，曰东洲，此中路之海门也。从东莞而出者曰南亭，从新安而出者曰小三门，曰屯门，曰急水，曰中门，曰鲤鱼，曰双箸，曰南佛堂，曰北佛堂。从新宁而出者，曰大金，曰小金，曰寨门，曰官门。从惠来而出者曰甲子，从潮阳而出者曰河渡，从澄海而出者曰水吼，此东路之海门也。从新会而出者曰崖门，曰松柏，从顺德而出者曰黄杨，从香山而出者曰金星，曰上十字，曰下十字，曰马骝，曰黄麖。从吴川而出者曰限门，从海康而出者曰白鸽，此西路之海门也。凡三路，东起潮州，西尽廉，南尽琼、崖，皆有水寨以守。水寨在潮者曰柘林，在惠曰碣石，在广曰南头，在高、肇庆曰恩阳，在雷曰白鸽，在琼曰白沙，凡六寨。六寨之信地，其港深者，在南头有屯门、佛堂，在柘林有东山、下河渡，在恩阳有神电、马骝，在白鸽有北隘头，可泊大船。余则港浅，洋中皆有暗沙，大船不利。在白沙有清澜，可泊大船。若白沙与万州，其港亦浅，鬼叫门亦有暗沙。在碣石有白沙湖，可泊大船。余港多外浅内深，难于出入。碣石卫则海石嵯岈，船易冲磕。甲子门其港亦浅。盖海防甚难，一遇飓风，船无湾泊之所，每多覆溺，船少又难以战守，故必量各寨广狭置船，多为之备。

白话

中文

广东沿海的出海口

广东沿海的出海口（海门）非常多。从广州府出海的主要航道口叫虎头门（虎门），是最大的一个。小的有虎跳门、鸡踏门、鸡蹄门、三门、东洲门等，这些是中路（珠江口主航道附近）的海门。从东莞县出海的有南亭门；从新安县（今深圳、香港一带）出海的有小三门、屯门、急水门、中门、鲤鱼门、双箸门（汲水门附近）、南佛堂门、北佛堂门。从新宁县（今台山）出海的有大金门、小金门、寨门、官门。从惠来县出海的有甲子门；从潮阳县出海的有河渡门；从澄海县出海的有水吼门，这些是东路（粤东沿海）的海门。从新会县出海的有崖门、松柏门；从顺德县出海的有黄杨门；从香山县（今中山、珠海、澳门一带）出海的有金星门、上十字门、下十字门、马骝洲门、黄麖（迳）门。从吴川县出海的有（博）限门；从海康县（今雷州）出海的有白鸽门，这些是西路（粤西沿海）的海门。总共分为三路，东从潮州起，西到廉州（今广西合浦），南至琼州、崖州（海南岛），都设有水师营寨（水寨）来防守。设在潮州的水寨叫柘林寨；设在惠州（府）的叫碣石寨；设在广州（府）的叫南头寨；设在（高州、肇庆府辖区）的叫恩阳寨；设在雷州（府）的叫白鸽寨；设在琼州（府）的叫白沙寨，总共六个主要水寨。这六个水寨所管辖的区域内（信地），港口水深的，在南头寨辖区有屯门、佛堂门；在柘林寨辖区有东山、下河渡；在恩阳寨辖区有神电（今电白）、马骝门；在白鸽寨辖区有北隘头，这些地方可以停泊大船。其余的地方则港口较浅，外海中都有暗藏的沙洲，不利于大船航行。在白沙寨（海南）辖区有清澜港，可以停泊大船。但白沙（寨）和万州（海南万宁）一带，港口也比较浅，鬼叫门也有暗沙。在碣石寨辖区有白沙湖，可以停泊大船。其余的港口大多是外面浅而里面深，船只进出困难。碣石卫一带则海中礁石嶙峋，船只容易触礁碰撞。甲子门的港口水也较浅。总的来说，海防是非常困难的，一旦遭遇台风（飓风），船只没有安全的港湾停泊，常常有很多船只倾覆沉没；而船只数量少了又难以进行有效的战斗和防守，所以必须根据各个水寨港湾的大小、条件来配置船只数量，并做好充分的准备。

英文

Sea Gates of Guangdong

Guangdong has numerous outlets to the sea (Haimen, "Sea Gates"). The main one leading out from Guangzhou Prefecture is called Hutoumen (Tiger Head Gate, i.e., Humen or the Bogue), which is the largest. Smaller ones include Hutiaomen (Tiger Leap Gate), Jitamen (Chicken Tread Gate), Jitimen (Chicken Hoof Gate), Sanmen (Three Gates), and Dongzhoumen (East Continent Gate); these are the sea gates of the central route (around the main Pearl River Estuary). Leading out from Dongguan County is Nantingmen. Leading out from Xin'an County (modern Shenzhen/Hong Kong area) are Xiao Sanmen (Little Three Gates), Tuen Mun, Jishuimen (Rapid Water Gate), Zhongmen (Central Gate), Liyumen (Carp Gate), Shuangzhumen (Double Chopsticks Gate, near Kap Shui Mun), Nan Fotangmen (South Buddha Hall Gate), and Bei Fotangmen (North Buddha Hall Gate). Leading out from Xinning County (modern Taishan) are Dajinmen (Great Golden Gate), Xiaojinmen (Little Golden Gate), Zhaimen (Stockade Gate), and Guanmen (Official's Gate). Leading out from Huilai County is Jiazimen. Leading out from Chaoyang County is Heduomen. Leading out from Chenghai County is Shuihoumen (Water Roar Gate); these are the sea gates of the eastern route (eastern Guangdong coast). Leading out from Xinhui County are Yamen (Cliff Gate) and Songbaimen (Pine Cypress Gate). Leading out from Shunde County is Huangyangmen. Leading out from Xiangshan County (modern Zhongshan/Zhuhai/Macau area) are Jinxingmen (Golden Star Gate), Shang Shizimen (Upper Cross Gate), Xia Shizimen (Lower Cross Gate), Maliuzhoumen (Monkey Continent Gate), and Huangjingmen (Yellow Deer Gate). Leading out from Wuchuan County is (Bo)xianmen. Leading out from Haikang County (modern Leizhou) is Baigemen (White Dove Gate); these are the sea gates of the western route (western Guangdong coast). In total, there are three routes. Stretching east from Chaozhou, west to Lianzhou (modern Hepu, Guangxi), and south to Qiongzhou and Yazhou (Hainan Island), all are guarded by naval bases (Shuizhai). The naval base in Chaozhou is called Zhelin Zhai; in Huizhou (Prefecture), Jieshi Zhai; in Guangzhou (Prefecture), Nantou Zhai; in (the area of Gaozhou/Zhaoqing Prefectures), Enyang Zhai; in Leizhou (Prefecture), Baige Zhai; in Qiongzhou (Prefecture), Baisha Zhai – totaling six main bases. Within the designated areas (Xindi) of these six bases, the deep-water harbors are: Tuen Mun and Fotangmen under Nantou Zhai; Dongshan and Xia Hedu under Zhelin Zhai; Shendian (modern Dianbai) and Maliumen under Enyang Zhai; and Bei'aitou under Baige Zhai. These locations can accommodate large ships. The remaining areas generally have shallow harbors, and the open sea contains hidden sandbars, making them unsuitable for large vessels. Under Baisha Zhai (Hainan), Qinglan Harbor can accommodate large ships. However, the harbors around Baisha (Zhai) and Wanzhou (Wanning, Hainan) are also relatively shallow, and Guijiaomen (Ghost Cry Gate) also has hidden sandbars. Under Jieshi Zhai, Baisha Lake can accommodate large ships. Most other harbors are shallow at the entrance but deep inside, making entry and exit difficult. Around Jieshi Garrison (Wei), the sea is full of rugged rocks, and ships are easily damaged by collision. The harbor at Jiazimen is also shallow. Generally speaking, coastal defense is very difficult. When a typhoon (Jufeng) strikes, ships often lack safe anchorages and frequently capsize and sink. Furthermore, having too few ships makes effective combat and defense difficult. Therefore, it is essential to allocate ships based on the size and conditions of each naval base's harbor and make ample preparations.

文化解读/分析

本条目详细罗列了清初广东沿海（包括海南岛部分地区）的主要出海口门（水道、港湾）和水师营寨（军事基地），具有重要的地理、军事和历史价值。

1. 精细的海洋地理知识：屈大均不厌其烦地列举了从粤东到粤西，再到海南的众多“海门”，并按“中路”、“东路”、“西路”进行归类。这不仅展示了他对广东海岸线地理形态（如珠江口复杂的出海水道、东西两翼的港湾）的精深了解，也反映了当时人们对海洋空间的认知和利用程度。这些地名本身就是宝贵的历史地理信息。
2. 海防体系的呈现：条目清晰地勾勒出清初广东沿海的“六寨”水师防御体系（柘林、碣石、南头、恩阳、白鸽、白沙），指出了各水寨的地理位置及其辖区内重要泊船点的水深、暗沙、礁石等情况。这揭示了国家力量如何通过设置军事据点来管理和控制漫长的海岸线，维护海上安全与秩序。
3. 海洋环境的挑战：文中明确提到了广东沿海的自然风险，如港口水浅、暗沙密布、礁石危险，特别是“飓风”（台风）对船只的巨大威胁（“每多覆溺”）。这反映了在近代科技发展之前，海上活动（包括军事行动）受自然条件制约的严酷现实，也解释了为何需要谨慎配置海防力量（“量各寨广狭置船，多为之备”）。
4. 经济与交通的脉络：这些“海门”不仅是军事要冲，更是海上交通和贸易的咽喉。对各港口泊船条件的描述（“可泊大船”、“港浅”、“外浅内深”）间接反映了不同地区的航运价值和经济潜力。例如，南头寨下的屯门、佛堂门（香港、深圳附近）和柘林寨下的东山、下河渡（潮汕地区）等深水良港，预示了这些区域日后可能成为重要的海上枢纽。
5. 地方知识的集成：作为一部记述广东地方风土人情的著作，《广东新语》在此条目中集成了大量具体、细致的地方性知识，包括众多小地名及其地理特征。这不仅服务于当时的行政和军事需求，也为后人研究广东地方史、海洋史、军事史提供了珍贵的第一手资料。

关键词

海门, 广东, 岭南, 海防, 水寨, 港口, 航道, 珠江口, 虎门, 屯门, 崖门, 柘林, 碣石, 南头, 海洋地理, 清代, 军事防御, 海上交通, 飓风, 台风, 屈大均, 广东新语