原文

雷州海岸

雷郭外，洋田万顷，是曰万顷洋。其土深而润，用力少而所入多，岁登则粒米狼戾，公私充足，否则一郡告饥。然洋田中洼而海势高，其丰歉每视海岸之修否。岁飓风作，涛激岸崩，咸潮泛滥无际。咸潮既消，则卤气复发，往往田苗伤败，至于三四年然后可耕。以故洋田价贱，耕者稀少。故修筑海岸，最为雷阳先务。修之之法，分顷计方，每田一方，大约种稻百石，一石出夫一人。夫至百人，则领以岸长。秋成后，官督岸长，岸长督夫，以修所分得之岸。修之不已，约十年，积成丘阜，斯风潮之患永绝矣。雷地偏，民无生业，多半托命于田，而虞干虞溢，莫东洋为甚。东洋田延袤数十里，大都资灌溉于罗湖、特侣二渠，藉捍御于长堤、乌岸。修则穰，弛则荒，固往事之验也。雷人冯彬有此说，有诗曰："长堤隔断咸潮水，曲堰萦回特侣泉。"罗湖者，西山诸流所汇，自宋时何、戴二太守筑堤成湖，而开东西二闸，引水西流以溉白沙田，引水南流以溉东洋田，民大获利。岁久湮塞，治雷者能以此为先务，则雷民其不饥矣。又潮称海郡，海水咸卤，不宜于田。凡三农皆藉溪潭以收灌输之功，水少则引之溉田，水多则泄之归海，于是乎岁无涝旱，而田亦无荒废。潮民之以水讼者比比矣，有司者当询其利病以断之。

白话

中文

雷州城外，有万顷广阔的田洋，称为“万顷洋”。这里的土壤深厚肥沃，耕作省力而收成多。丰收之年，粮食堆积满地，官府和百姓都储备充足；否则，整个郡就会遭遇饥荒。然而，这片田洋地势低洼，而海平面相对较高，因此收成好坏常常取决于海岸堤坝是否修筑完好。每年台风来袭时，巨浪冲击导致堤岸崩塌，咸水潮漫无边际地泛滥。咸潮退去后，土壤中的盐碱成分又会泛出，常常导致田里的庄稼受损死亡，往往要等三四年后土地才能恢复耕种。因此，这片田洋的地价低廉，耕种的人也很少。所以修筑海岸堤坝，是雷州最优先处理的事务。修筑的方法是：按田亩划分区域，每片田地（大约能产百石稻谷的面积），每一石的产量征调一个劳力。每凑齐一百个劳力，就设立一位“岸长”来统领。秋收之后，由官府督促岸长，岸长再督促手下的劳力，修缮各自负责的堤岸段落。这样年复一年地不断修筑，大约十年时间，就能堆积成高高的土丘，这样风暴潮的祸患就可以永远断绝了。雷州地处偏远，百姓缺乏其他谋生手段，大多依靠种田为生，而对于旱灾和水灾的担忧，没有比东洋田地区更严重的了。东洋田绵延数十里，主要依靠罗湖和特侣两条水渠进行灌溉，并凭借长堤和乌岸来防御（咸潮）。维护得好就丰收，管理松懈就荒芜，这确实是过去经验证明了的。雷州人冯彬有这样的说法，并作诗道：“长长的堤坝隔断了咸水潮，弯曲的水堰引来了特侣渠的泉水。”罗湖，是西边山脉各条溪流汇集而成的地方，从宋代何、戴两位太守筑堤坝形成湖泊，并开设了东西两个水闸，引水向西流灌溉白沙田，引水向南流灌溉东洋田，百姓因此大大获益。年代久远后，（湖渠）被淤泥阻塞，如果治理雷州的官员能把疏浚修复这些水利设施作为首要任务，那么雷州的百姓大概就不会挨饿了。另外，潮州也称为沿海郡县，海水盐碱，不适合农田。所有农业生产都依靠溪流和池塘来实现灌溉和排水的功能。水量少时就引水灌溉田地，水量多时就将水排入大海。这样一来，每年就没有水涝和干旱之灾，田地也不会荒废。潮州百姓因为用水问题而打官司的情况非常普遍，主管官员应当详细询问了解其中的利弊缘由，才能做出公正的判决。

英文

Outside Leizhou city lies a vast expanse of fertile fields covering ten thousand qing (an ancient unit of area), known as the "Ten Thousand Qing Expanse" (Wanqing Yang). The soil here is deep and fertile, requiring less effort for cultivation yet yielding abundant harvests. In years of good harvest, grain piles up everywhere, sufficiently supplying both the government and the populace; otherwise, the entire prefecture faces famine. However, these fields are low-lying while the sea level is relatively high, so the harvest often depends on whether the coastal embankments are well-maintained. When typhoons strike each year, powerful waves crash against the shore, causing embankments to collapse, and saltwater tides flood uncontrollably over vast areas. After the saltwater recedes, saline and alkaline substances rise from the soil, often damaging or killing the crops. It typically takes three to four years before the land can be cultivated again. Consequently, the price of this land is low, and few people farm it. Therefore, constructing and maintaining coastal embankments is the utmost priority for Leizhou (Leiyang). The method for this construction is to divide the area by land measurement; for each parcel of land (yielding approximately one hundred shi of rice), one laborer is conscripted per shi of output. For every hundred laborers, an "Embankment Chief" (Anzhang) is appointed to lead them. After the autumn harvest, officials supervise the Embankment Chiefs, who in turn supervise the laborers, to repair their assigned sections of the embankment. By continuously building year after year, over about ten years, high mounds can be formed, thus permanently eliminating the threat of storm surges. Leizhou is remote, and its people lack other means of livelihood, mostly depending on farming for survival. Concerns about drought and flood are nowhere more severe than in the Dongyang field area. The Dongyang fields stretch for dozens of li, primarily relying on the Luo Lake and Te Lü canals for irrigation, and protected by the Changdi (Long Embankment) and Wuan (Black Embankment) against saltwater intrusion. If maintained, the land thrives; if neglected, it becomes barren – this is proven by past experience. Feng Bin, a native of Leizhou, discussed this and wrote a poem: "The long embankment blocks the saltwater tide, the winding weir channels the Te Lü spring water." Luo Lake was formed where streams from the western mountains converge. Since the Song Dynasty, Prefects He and Dai built dikes to create the lake and opened east and west sluice gates – diverting water westward to irrigate the Baisha fields and southward to irrigate the Dongyang fields, greatly benefiting the people. Over time, the lake and canals became silted up. If the officials governing Leizhou prioritize dredging and repairing these waterworks, the people of Leizhou would likely not suffer from hunger. Additionally, Chaozhou is also known as a coastal prefecture. Its seawater is saline and alkaline, unsuitable for farmland. All agriculture there relies on streams and ponds for both irrigation and drainage. When water is scarce, it is drawn to irrigate the fields; when water is abundant, it is drained into the sea. Consequently, there are no floods or droughts annually, and the fields do not lie waste. Lawsuits among the people of Chaozhou regarding water usage are very common. Officials in charge should investigate the benefits and drawbacks thoroughly to make fair judgments.

文化解读/分析

此条目生动记述了清初雷州半岛沿海地区（特别是万顷洋和东洋田）农业生产面临的严峻自然挑战与相应的社会应对机制，具有重要的历史地理和民俗研究价值。

1. 人地关系与生态挑战：清晰揭示了沿海低洼农田受台风、风暴潮和土壤盐碱化（“咸潮”、“卤气”）的严重威胁。这种脆弱的生态环境决定了当地农业的丰歉极不稳定，直接关系到“一郡”的温饱与社会安定。
2. 水利工程与农业命脉：强调了修筑海岸堤防（“海岸”）和维护灌溉系统（罗湖、特侣渠）对于雷州农业的极端重要性，视其为“雷阳先务”。这反映了中国传统农业社会中，水利建设是关乎区域生存发展的核心议题。对宋代水利工程的追溯，也体现了历史经验的传承和地方认同感。
3. 社会组织与治理智慧：详细描述了修筑海堤的“计亩出夫”和“岸长”制度。这是一种基于土地受益原则、层级管理的劳役组织形式，体现了地方政府在有限资源下动员民众参与大型公共工程建设的智慧与运作模式。它将维护公共基础设施的责任具体落实到受益者，并通过官府与地方头领（岸长）的层层监督来保证实施。
4. 区域对比与地方性知识：通过与潮州对比，展示了不同沿海地区因地制宜的水资源利用方式（雷州依赖大型湖库渠系防咸蓄淡，潮州利用溪潭调节）。同时，提及潮州频繁的“水讼”，反映了水资源管理在地方社会中的复杂性和重要性，以及对官员“询其利病”以公正裁决能力的要求。
5. 民生关怀与文献价值：屈大均的记述不仅记录了地理现象和工程措施，也饱含对民生疾苦的关切（“民无生业，多半托命于田”、“雷民其不饥矣”）。引用冯彬的诗句，增加了记述的地方色彩和生动性。这些内容为研究清代广东地方史、农业史、水利史、灾害史以及社会管理制度提供了宝贵的第一手资料。

关键词

雷州, 海岸, 万顷洋, 东洋田, 海堤, 咸潮, 盐碱化, 台风, 水利, 灌溉, 罗湖, 特侣渠, 岸长制, 劳役, 农业, 民生, 地方治理, 潮州, 水资源管理, 冯彬, 广东