原文
开拓黎地
琼之地,譬之人身。黎岐,心腹也,州县,四肢也,心腹之疾不除,势且浸淫四肢,而为一身之患。黎之为害何以异?自昔以来,叛服无常,始之萌芽不折,终则斧斤寻之。明兴百余年,以大征见者凡三,其间近者十数年,远者四五十年,辄复蠢动,黎情亦大略可知矣。海忠介言,黎峒其地四方仅可三四百里,不能及罗旁三之一,诚能以兵三五万纵横其中,势同压卵。荡平之后,伐山开道,立州县以治之,移一二屯所,若南流、青宁等处以守之,不过数年,可使尽入版籍,化为编民。斯亦王者无外之举也。
白话
中文
开拓黎族地区。
海南岛(琼州)的地域形势,好比一个人的身体。黎族聚居的山区(黎岐),就是心腹要害;各个州县,好比是四肢。如果心腹的疾病不根除,势必会逐渐侵害到四肢,成为整个身体的祸患。黎族造成的危害又有什么不同呢?自古以来,他们(黎族)时而反叛时而归顺,反复无常。最初(问题)萌发时不加制止,最终就只能动用武力(斧斤,代指军队)去征讨。明朝建立一百多年来,因大规模征讨黎族而载入史册的就有三次。这期间,短则十几年,长则四五十年,他们就会再次蠢蠢欲动,黎族的情况大致也就清楚了。海瑞(谥号忠介)曾说,黎族居住的山区地盘方圆不过三四百里,还不到罗旁(瑶族地区)的三分之一大。如果真能用三五万兵力在其中纵横扫荡,那就像用重物压鸡蛋一样容易。彻底平定之后,砍伐山林开辟道路,设立州县来管理,迁移一两个军屯卫所,例如南流、青宁等地(的军队)去驻守,用不了几年,就可以使(黎族)全部登记入户籍,转变为国家的编户齐民。这也是体现君王统治无远弗届、天下一家的做法。
英文
Developing the Li People's Land.
The territory of Hainan Island (Qiongzhou) can be compared to a human body. The mountainous regions inhabited by the Li people (Li Qi) are the vital core (heart and abdomen), while the prefectures and counties are the limbs. If the disease in the core is not eradicated, it will inevitably spread to the limbs and become a disaster for the entire body. How is the harm caused by the Li people any different? Since ancient times, they have alternated between rebellion and submission unpredictably. If the initial signs (of trouble) are not curbed, military force (symbolized by "axes and hatchets") will eventually be required. In the over one hundred years since the founding of the Ming Dynasty, there were three major military campaigns against the Li people recorded. Between these campaigns, sometimes after only a decade or so, sometimes after forty or fifty years, they would stir up trouble again. The nature of the Li situation is thus generally clear. Hai Rui (posthumous title Zhongjie) once said that the mountainous territory of the Li people is only about three to four hundred li square, not even one-third the size of Luopang (a Yao region). If an army of thirty to fifty thousand soldiers could truly maneuver freely within it, the situation would be like crushing an egg. After complete pacification, forests should be cleared to build roads, prefectures and counties established for administration, and one or two military garrisons, like those at Nanliu and Qingning, relocated to defend the area. Within a few years, it would be possible to have all (Li people) registered in the official household records and transformed into registered commoners of the state. This is also an action befitting a true king who considers no territory beyond his rule.
文化解读/分析
此条目反映了明清时期中央王朝对海南黎族地区的治理思路和态度,是研究当时边疆政策、民族关系和地方治理观念的重要材料。
- “心腹之患”的隐喻: 将黎族聚居区比作“心腹”,将汉人控制的州县比作“四肢”,生动地表达了统治者视黎族地区为内部不稳定因素,认为其安危直接关系到整个海南岛(乃至更广区域)的统治稳定。这种视角将黎族视为需要解决的“问题”或“疾病”,而非平等的治理对象。
- “叛服无常”的刻板印象: 文中对黎族“叛服无常”的描述,是历史上中央王朝对边疆少数民族常见的标签化评价。这既可能反映了黎族对外部统治的反抗与不合作,也可能包含了统治者中心主义视角下的偏见,忽略了冲突发生的复杂原因(如文化冲突、经济剥夺、官吏压迫等)。
- 武力征服与强制同化策略: 引用海瑞的建议,明确提出了解决“黎患”的方案:首先是军事征服(“以兵三五万纵横其中,势同压卵”),然后是基础设施建设(“伐山开道”)、行政管理覆盖(“立州县以治之”)、军事驻防(“移一二屯所”),最终目标是彻底的同化(“尽入版籍,化为编民”)。这套“征、抚、剿、建”结合的策略,是古代王朝处理边疆民族问题的典型模式,强调以国家强制力推行一体化。
- “王者无外”的政治理想: 将开拓黎地、将其纳入版图、同化其民视为“王者无外之举”,体现了儒家“大一统”思想和华夏中心主义观念。在这种观念下,将王朝的统治扩展到所有已知地域,并将所有人群纳入统一的文化和行政体系,被认为是君主应有的功绩和责任。
- 历史背景与局限性: 屈大均记录此观点,反映了清初延续明代对黎族地区的治理思路。这种强硬的、以军事和行政手段为主导的开拓与同化政策,虽在一定时期内可能巩固了统治,但也往往伴随着对少数民族文化、生活方式的破坏和强制改变,以及持续的冲突与反抗。该记录缺乏对黎族自身立场和文化的关注,是单方面视角下的历史叙述。
关键词
开拓黎地, 黎族, 海南, 琼州, 屈大均, 广东新语, 清代, 明代, 海瑞, 边疆治理, 民族政策, 同化政策, 军事征服, 王者无外, 版籍, 编户齐民, 地方治理