原文
南海之佛山,岁九月十日为放鹞会。先期主者悬式于鹞场,鹞皆以白楚纸为之,凡两翼,一竿一弓。翼广一尺,以平为上。竿长三尺,弓二尺,弦以竹根片或铜片,以薄为上。主者察之,嵌以印。放日,主者立一竿于地,长二丈。人十人为耦,离竿二丈,约之曰,毋过竿,毋不及竿,出大竿,复出小竿,如是者赏。约已,依次而度,鹞出于竿末,则以线之直上者为上。线已直上,则竿中更吐一竿,高至三丈,又以线之直出于三丈之末者为上。线既直出于三丈之末,又以鹞之声清和中节,而其态回翔合度者为上。
白话
中文
南海县的佛山镇,每年九月初十日举行放风筝(“鹞”)比赛大会。事先,主办者会在放飞场地公布风筝的规格样式。风筝都用白色的楚地纸张制作,有两个翅膀,一根主干骨架(竿),一个弓形骨架。翅膀宽度为一尺,以平整为佳。主干骨架长三尺,弓形骨架长二尺,弓弦用竹根薄片或铜片制成,以薄为好。主办者会检查风筝是否合规,并盖上印记。比赛当天,主办者在地上立一根两丈(约6-7米)长的杆子。人们十人组成一队,站在离杆子两丈远的地方。规则约定:放飞时(初阶段)风筝既不能高过杆顶太多,也不能低于杆顶(意指要刚好越过),要能先越过大杆(两丈高),再越过(从大杆中伸出的)小杆,能做到这样才算达标,可以获得评比资格。约定好后,各队依次放飞。风筝飞越杆顶后,以风筝线最垂直向上的为优胜。当风筝线已经垂直向上时,大杆中间会再伸出一根小杆,使总高度达到三丈(约10米),这时又以风筝线能垂直飞越这三丈杆顶的为优胜。当风筝线已经能垂直飞越三丈杆顶后,还要评比风筝发出的声音是否清亮、和谐且富有节奏,以及风筝在空中回旋飞翔的姿态是否优美得当,符合这些标准的才是最佳。
英文
In Foshan town of Nanhai County, a kite-flying gathering ("Fang Yao Hui") is held annually on the tenth day of the ninth lunar month. Beforehand, the organizers announce the required kite specifications at the flying field. The kites are all made of white Chu paper, featuring two wings, one main rod, and one bow frame. The wingspan is one chi (approx. 33 cm), with flatness being preferred. The main rod is three chi long, and the bow frame is two chi long. The bowstring is made from thin slices of bamboo root or thin copper sheets, with thinner being better. Organizers inspect the kites and stamp them if they meet the standards. On the day of the event, the organizers erect a pole two zhang (approx. 6-7 meters) high. People form teams of ten and stand two zhang away from the pole. The rules state: upon launching, the kite should pass neither too high above nor below the pole tip (implying it should just clear it), needing to pass the large pole (two zhang) and then the smaller pole (extended from the large one) to qualify for judging. After agreeing on the rules, teams take turns flying. Once a kite clears the pole tip, the one whose line ascends most vertically is considered superior. When the line is ascending vertically, a smaller pole extends from within the main pole, reaching a total height of three zhang (approx. 10 meters). Then, the kite whose line ascends vertically past this three-zhang tip is considered superior. After achieving vertical ascent past the three-zhang mark, judgment is further based on whether the kite's sound is clear, harmonious, and rhythmic, and whether its aerial maneuvering ("huixiang") is graceful and appropriate. Those meeting these final criteria are deemed the best.
文化解读/分析
“放鹞”条目详细记述了清初佛山地区一项极具地方特色和竞技性的民俗活动——放风筝比赛大会。这不仅反映了当时佛山手工业的发达(能制作规格统一且有声响装置的纸鹞),也展现了当地民众丰富的娱乐生活和社群组织能力。
- 竞技性与规则化:不同于随意的放飞,佛山的“放鹞会”是一场有明确规则、严格评判标准的竞技活动。从风筝的规格(材质、尺寸、弓弦)、参赛队伍(十人一组)、场地设置(立竿测高)到评判标准(过竿高度、线的垂直度、声音、姿态),都体现了其高度的组织性和规范性,接近于现代体育竞技。
- 技术与审美并重:评判标准不仅考验放飞者的操控技巧(使线垂直上升并越过不同高度),还包含了对风筝本身性能和美学的要求。风筝发出的声音(清和中节)和飞翔姿态(回翔合度)成为重要的评判依据,显示了参与者对声响效果和视觉美感的追求,体现了技术与艺术的结合。
- 社群活动与民俗节庆:定于每年九月初十举行,带有节日庆典的性质,是当地社区居民重要的集体娱乐和社交活动。主办者的存在、赛前公示、检查盖印等环节,说明这是一项有组织的公共活动,有助于增强社区凝聚力。虽然时间紧邻重阳节(九月初九,传统登高放风筝日),但定在初十,可能形成了佛山本地独特的习俗。
- 风筝工艺的体现:“鹞”特指能发出声音的风筝,其弓弦用竹片或铜片制作,要求“以薄为上”,正是为了在风中振动发声。这反映了当时佛山在风筝制作工艺上的精湛水平,特别是声响装置的设计。
此记载为了解清代广东地区,特别是手工业重镇佛山的民间娱乐、竞技风俗、社区组织以及风筝制作工艺提供了宝贵的细节。
关键词
放鹞, 风筝, 佛山, 南海, 九月十日, 放鹞会, 比赛, 竞技, 民俗, 楚纸, 风筝制作, 弓弦, 声音风筝, 评判标准, 屈大均, 广东新语, 事语