原文

吾粤督学使者，在嘉靖时有魏公校者，以德行简士。甫至任，不事考较文艺，辄行黜陟。尝使陈激衷、林克忠二人都诸生静坐，务见仁体，每晨入见，稽所得而开导之。大毁寺观淫祠，以为书院社学。使诸童生三时分肄歌诗习礼寅乐，禁止火葬，令僧尼还俗，巫觋勿祠鬼。男子皆编为渡夫，一时风俗丕变，其崇正辟邪之功，前此所未有也。督学之官，非醇儒不可，使得其人复久任之。如代皇帝之用陈公政，提督北直隶学校，直至九年可也。如魏公者，得十有五人焉，分置省直，使之十年二十年专行其教，将见十五国风移俗易，先王之道大兴矣。

白话

中文

我们广东的提督学政（负责教育考试的官员），在明朝嘉靖年间有一位名叫魏校（字汝为，世称“魏公”）的，他选拔人才主要看重德行。刚一到任，就不先急着考核文章技艺，而是直接根据品行进行罢黜或提拔。他曾经让陈激衷、林克忠两人带领众生员练习静坐，要求他们务必体会到“仁”的本体，每天早晨召见他们，考察他们的心得并加以开导。他还大规模地拆毁了（被视为不正当的）寺庙、道观和淫祠，把这些地方改建为书院和社学。让年幼的学生们分早、中、晚三个时段学习吟诵诗歌、练习礼仪、演奏音乐。他还禁止火葬，命令僧尼还俗，禁止巫师祭祀鬼神。当地的男子都被编入队伍充当渡船的船夫。一时间，地方风气习俗大为改变。他这种崇尚正道、破除邪说的功绩，是前所未有的。提督学政这样的官职，必须由品行纯正的儒者担任不可，而且要让这样的人能够长期任职。就像朝廷任用陈公（指陈选，字公政）那样，让他提督北直隶地区的学校事务，任期长达九年就可以了。如果能有十五位像魏公这样的人，分别安置在各个省和直隶地区，让他们用十年、二十年的时间专门推行他们的教化，那么将会看到全国各地的风俗都得到改善，古代圣明君王的治国之道就能大大兴盛起来了。

英文

In our Guangdong, during the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty, there was an Education Intendant named Wei Jiao (styled Ruwei, respectfully called "Lord Wei"). He selected scholars primarily based on their moral conduct. Upon assuming office, he did not prioritize examining literary skills but directly made decisions on dismissal or promotion based on character. He once had Chen Jizhong and Lin Kezhong lead fellow students in practicing quiet meditation, requiring them to grasp the essence of "Ren" (benevolence). He summoned them every morning to examine their insights and provide guidance. He also extensively demolished temples, monasteries, and shrines deemed improper ("licentious shrines"), converting them into academies (Shuyuan) and community schools (Shexue). He had young students study reciting poetry, practicing rituals, and playing music at three different times of the day. Furthermore, he banned cremation, ordered monks and nuns to return to secular life, and forbade shamans from worshipping ghosts. Local men were organized into teams to serve as ferrymen. For a time, local customs and practices underwent a significant transformation. His achievement in promoting orthodoxy and dispelling heterodoxy was unprecedented. The position of Education Intendant must be held by a pure Confucian scholar, and such individuals should be allowed to serve long terms. Just as the court appointed Chen Gong (referring to Chen Xuan, styled Gongzheng) to supervise the schools in the Northern Metropolitan Region (Beizhili) for up to nine years. If there were fifteen officials like Lord Wei, assigned to the various provinces and directly administered areas, and allowed to exclusively implement their teachings for ten or twenty years, we would witness the customs change across the land (referencing the "Fifteen Airs of the States" in the Book of Songs), and the Way of the ancient sage kings would greatly flourish.

文化解读/分析

本条目记述了明代嘉靖年间广东提督学政魏校推行教化、改革风俗的事迹。魏校的施政措施具有鲜明的儒家色彩，体现了明代官方意识形态对地方社会的渗透与改造意图。

1. 重德轻文的选材标准：魏校“以德行简士”，不重“文艺”，反映了儒家，特别是宋明理学强调道德修养优先于辞章技艺的教育理念。这与当时科举考试日益僵化、偏重形式的风气形成对比。
2. 心性修养的实践：要求生员“静坐”、“务见仁体”，是阳明心学等流派强调内心体验和道德实践的体现，旨在培养士人的内在德性。
3. 移风易俗的强力干预：魏校的系列措施，如毁淫祠、改建书院社学、禁止火葬、令僧尼还俗、禁巫觋祠鬼等，是典型的“崇正辟邪”行为。这不仅是教育改革，更是对地方信仰、丧葬习俗、社会组织（如僧尼、巫觋群体）的全面整顿，旨在用儒家伦理规范取代民间信仰和习俗。禁止火葬尤其值得注意，因儒家强调孝道和身体发肤受之父母，故推崇土葬。
4. 儒家礼乐教化：让童生“歌诗习礼寅乐”，是实践儒家以礼乐化民成俗的传统理想。
5. 作者的评论：屈大均高度评价魏校的功绩，并借此表达了对理想官员（醇儒）和长任制度的期望，认为这是实现儒家治世理想（移风易俗、复兴先王之道）的关键。
   从民俗学角度看，此条目提供了官方如何看待并试图改造民间习俗的珍贵案例。它揭示了明代国家权力通过教育官员深入基层社会，推行儒家价值观，与地方固有风俗（如特定信仰、丧葬方式）发生的冲突与互动。魏校的行为代表了官方精英试图塑造“文明”社会秩序的努力，其成功与否（“一时风俗丕变”）也反映了地方社会对这种自上而下改革的复杂反应。

关键词

贤督学, 魏校, 明朝, 嘉靖, 广东, 提督学政, 教育改革, 儒学, 理学, 心学, 德行, 静坐, 移风易俗, 崇正辟邪, 淫祠, 书院, 社学, 禁止火葬, 僧尼还俗, 巫觋, 礼乐教化, 风俗, 民俗, 官员