将失落的广东地方民俗文化重新带入大众视野

拾灯

原文

海丰之俗,元夕于江干放水灯,竞拾之,得白者喜为男兆,得红者谓为女兆。或有诗云:"元夕浮灯海水南,红灯女子白灯男。白灯多甚红灯少,拾取繁星满竹篮。"广州灯夕,士女多向东行祈子,以百宝灯供神。夜则祈灯取采头,凡三筹皆胜者为神许,许则持灯而返,逾岁酬灯。生子者盛为酒馔庆社庙,谓之灯头,群称其祖父曰灯公。八月十五之夕,儿童燃番塔灯,持柚火,踏歌于道曰:洒乐仔,洒乐儿,无咋糜,塔累碎瓦为之,象花塔者其灯多,象光塔者其灯少。柚火者,以红柚皮雕镂人物花草,中置一琉璃盏,朱光四射,与素馨茉莉灯交映。盖素馨茉莉灯以香胜,柚灯以色胜。

白话

中文

海丰县的习俗,元宵节时在江边放水灯,人们争相拾取漂来的水灯。拾到白色灯的人,欣喜地认为这是生男孩的吉兆;拾到红色灯的,则认为是生女孩的吉兆。有诗这样写道:“元宵节的水灯漂浮在南海水面,红灯预示生女,白灯预示生男。白灯远比红灯多,拾起来仿佛竹篮里装满了繁星。” 广州的元宵节(灯节),男女大多向东行走来祈求生子,用各式精美的“百宝灯”来供奉神明。晚上则在神前祈祷(称为“祈灯”)并掷筊(取采头),如果连续三次都掷得胜筊(表示神明同意),就被认为是得到了神明的允许。得到允许的人便可以拿着灯回家,等到第二年再来酬谢神明、归还灯(酬灯)。生了儿子的人家,会准备丰盛的酒席在社庙里庆祝,这被称为“灯头”,众人称呼这个新生儿的祖父为“灯公”。到了八月十五中秋节的晚上,孩子们点燃用碎瓦片垒成的、模仿宝塔形状的“番塔灯”(模仿花塔形状的灯较多,模仿光塔形状的灯较少),手里拿着“柚火”,在路上边走边唱着歌谣:“洒乐仔,洒乐儿,没粥吃(意译,原文为音译或地方方言)”。所谓的“柚火”,是用红柚子的皮雕刻出人物、花草等图案,中间放置一个小琉璃灯盏,红色的灯光向四面照射,与用素馨花、茉莉花制作的灯交相辉映。大概素馨、茉莉花灯是以香气取胜,而柚子灯则是以色彩夺目。

英文

In Haifeng County, it is customary during the Lantern Festival (Yuanxi, 15th day of the 1st lunar month) to float water lanterns on the riverbank. People eagerly compete to pick them up. Those who retrieve a white lantern rejoice, believing it to be an auspicious sign for bearing a son, while those who get a red one consider it a sign for bearing a daughter. A poem describes this: "Lantern Festival lamps float on the southern sea waters, red lamps for girls, white lamps for boys. White lamps far outnumber red ones, picking them up fills the bamboo basket like stars." In Guangzhou during the Lantern Festival, men and women often walk eastward to pray for children, offering elaborate "Baibao Deng" (Hundred Treasures Lanterns) to the deities. At night, they pray before the deities (known as "Qi Deng" - praying for lanterns/children) and cast divination blocks ("Qu Cai Tou"). If they receive three consecutive positive results (indicating the deity's consent), it is considered divine approval. Those granted permission take a lantern home and return the following year to give thanks and return the lantern ("Chou Deng"). Families blessed with a son host a grand feast at the local community temple to celebrate; this event is called "Deng Tou" (Lantern Head), and the newborn's grandfather is respectfully addressed as "Deng Gong" (Lantern Grandpa). On the evening of the Mid-Autumn Festival (15th day of the 8th lunar month), children light "Fan Ta Deng" (Foreign Pagoda Lanterns), which are made by stacking broken tiles to resemble pagodas (those resembling the Flower Pagoda are more numerous, those resembling the Guangta Minaret are fewer). They carry "You Huo" (Pomelo Fires), singing songs while walking along the paths: "Sa Le Zai, Sa Le Er, Wu Za Mi (local song lyrics, possibly meaning 'having fun, having fun, no congee to eat')." The "You Huo" are made by carving figures, flowers, and plants onto the peel of a red pomelo, with a small glass lamp placed inside, casting red light in all directions, complementing the Jasmine Lanterns. Generally, the Jasmine Lanterns excel in fragrance, while the Pomelo Lanterns excel in color.

文化解读/分析

“拾灯”条目生动记述了清初广东海丰和广州两地元宵节与中秋节的灯俗,核心围绕着“灯”与生育信仰,特别是祈求男性子嗣(“丁”)的紧密联系(粤语及一些方言中“灯”与“丁”谐音)。

  1. 生育信仰与象征: 海丰元宵放水灯、拾灯占卜生男生女(白男红女),广州元宵向东行祈子、供百宝灯、向神明“祈灯”(掷筊求灯),以及生子后“酬灯”、庆“灯头”、称祖父为“灯公”等习俗,都清晰地反映了灯在地方文化中作为生命(尤其是男丁)象征的重要意义,是民众生殖崇拜和祈求家族兴旺愿望的具象化体现。
  2. 节日民俗: 该条目区分并详细描述了元宵节和中秋节两种不同的灯俗活动。元宵节的活动(放水灯、祈灯)更侧重于成人对于生育的祈求和社群的庆祝。中秋节的活动(儿童燃番塔灯、持柚火、踏歌)则更偏向儿童娱乐和节日氛围的营造,展现了节日期间的童趣和地方特色手工艺(番塔灯、柚火)。
  3. 地方特色与手工艺: 文中提及的“百宝灯”、“番塔灯”、“柚火”(柚灯)、“素馨茉莉灯”等,展示了广东地区丰富多样的花灯制作工艺和审美情趣。“番塔灯”模仿广州著名的花塔和光塔,体现了地方标志性建筑对民俗文化的影响。“柚火”利用本地盛产的柚子进行创作,别具特色,并与其他香花制作的灯形成香气与色彩的对比。
  4. 仪式与社群: “祈灯”、“酬灯”、“灯头”等仪式化的行为,不仅是个体家庭的祈愿与庆祝,也强化了社群的凝聚力。在社庙举行的“灯头”宴饮,是新生儿(特别是男婴)被正式接纳为社群成员的重要标志。
    总之,“拾灯”条目是研究岭南地区节日民俗、生育信仰、民间艺术和社群文化的重要资料,体现了灯俗在当地社会生活中的多重功能和文化意涵。

关键词

拾灯, 广东新语, 屈大均, 民俗, 元宵节, 中秋节, 灯, 花灯, 水灯, 生育信仰, 祈子, 求子, 灯丁谐音, 海丰, 广州, 番塔灯, 柚火, 柚子灯, 百宝灯, 素馨茉莉灯, 祈灯, 酬灯, 灯头, 灯公, 岭南文化, 清代

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