原文

立春日，有司逆勾芒土牛，勾芒名抝春童，著帽则春暖，否则春寒。土牛色红则旱，黑则水，竞以红豆五色米洒之，以消一岁之疾疹。以土牛泥泥灶，以肥六畜，元日拜年，烧爆竹，啖煎堆白饼沙壅，饮柏酒。元夕张灯烧起火，十家则放烟火，五家则放花筒。嬉游者，率袖象牙香筒，打十八闲为乐。城内外舞狮象龙鸾之属者百队，饰童男女为故事者百队，为陆龙船，长者十余丈，以轮旋转，人皆锦袍倭帽，扬旗弄鼓，对舞宝镫于其上。昼则踢毽五仙观，毽有大小，其踢大毽者市井人，踢小毽者豪贵子。歌伯斗歌，皆著鸭舌巾、驼绒服，行立凳上。东唱西和，西嘲东解，语必双关，词兼雅俗。大约取晋人读曲十之三，东粤摸鱼歌十之四，其三分则唐人竹枝调也。观者不远百里，持瑰异物为庆头。其灯师又为谜语，悬赏中衢，曰灯信。二月始东作，社日祈年。师巫遍至人家除禳，望日以农器耕牛相市，曰犁耙会。清明有事先茔，曰拜清，先朝一日曰划清。新茔必以清明日祭，曰应清。三月二十三日为天妃会，建醮扮撬饰童男女如元夕，宝马彩棚亦百队。佛山则以上巳为真武会，放大爆竹，四月八日浴佛，采面荭榔，捣百花叶为饼。是日江上陈龙舟，曰出水龙，潮田始作。五月自朔至五日，以粽心草系黍，卷以柊叶，以象阴阳包裹。浴女兰汤，饮菖蒲雄黄醴，以辟不祥。士女乘舫，观竞渡海珠，买花果于蛋家女艇中。夏至磔犬御蛊毒，农再播种，曰晚禾。小暑小获，大暑则大获，随获随莳，皆及百日而收。七月初七夕为七娘会，乞巧，沐浴天孙圣水，以素馨、茉莉结高尾艇。翠羽为篷，游泛沉香之浦，以象星槎。十四祭先祠厉为盂兰会，相饷龙眼、槟榔，曰结圆，潮州则曰结星。二十五为安期上升日，往蒲涧采蒲，濯韸々水。八月蓼花水至，有月，则是岁多珠，为大饼象月浮。桂酒剥芋，芋有十四种，以黄者为贵。九日载花糕萸酒，登五层楼双塔放响弓鹞，霜降展先墓，诸坊设斋醮禳彗。十月下元会，天乃寒，人始释其荃葛，农再登稼，饼菜以饷牛，为寮榨蔗作糖霜。冬至曰亚岁，食鲙，为家宴团冬，墓祭曰挂冬。小除祀社，以花豆洒屋，次日为酒以分岁，曰团年。岁除祭，曰送年。以灰画弓矢于道射祟，以苏木染鸡子食之，以火照路，曰卖冷。

白话

中文

立春日，官府举行迎接勾芒神（春神）和土牛的仪式。勾芒神又叫“拗春童”，如果他戴着帽子，预示春天温暖，不戴帽子则春天寒冷。土牛的颜色如果是红色预示干旱，黑色预示水涝。人们争相用红豆和五色米撒在土牛身上，用来消除一年的疾病。用土牛身上的泥涂抹灶台，可以使六畜肥壮。正月初一（元日）互相拜年，燃放爆竹，吃煎堆、白饼、沙壅（一种点心），喝柏叶酒。正月十五（元夕）张挂花灯，燃放“起火”（一种烟花）。十户人家会联合放烟火，五户人家会联合放花筒（一种烟花）。游玩的人，大多袖藏象牙香筒，打“十八闲”（一种游戏或曲调）取乐。城里城外有上百队的舞狮、舞象、舞龙、舞鸾等表演队伍，还有上百队将儿童装扮成历史或神话人物（扮演“故事”）的队伍。制作陆地龙舟，长的有十多丈，用轮子转动，表演者都穿着锦袍，戴着倭式帽子，在龙舟上挥舞旗帜，敲锣打鼓，对着跳“宝灯舞”。白天则在五仙观踢毽子。毽子有大小两种，踢大毽子的是市井百姓，踢小毽子的是富家子弟。唱“伯劳斗歌”（一种对歌形式），歌手都戴着鸭舌式头巾，穿着驼绒衣服，站在或走在凳子上。东边唱，西边和；西边嘲讽，东边解说。歌词一定用双关语，雅俗共赏。歌词内容大约三成取自晋代的“读曲”，四成取自广东东部的“摸鱼歌”，另外三成是唐代的“竹枝词”。观者从近百里外赶来，拿着奇特的物品作为赏赐（“庆头”）。灯市的师傅还会制作谜语，悬挂在街市中，设置奖品，叫做“灯信”。二月开始春耕（“东作”），社日祭祀土地神祈求丰年。巫师到各家各户进行驱邪禳灾的仪式。望日（十五日）举行农具和耕牛交易集市，称为“犁耙会”。清明节祭扫祖先坟墓，称为“拜清”；清明前一天则称为“划清”。新坟必须在清明当天祭扫，称为“应清”。三月二十三日是天妃（妈祖）诞辰，举行“天妃会”，建醮（道教仪式）、装扮儿童表演节目，如同元宵节一样，也有上百队的宝马和彩棚巡游。在佛山，则以上巳节（三月初三）为真武大帝诞辰举行“真武会”，燃放大型爆竹。四月八日是浴佛节，采集“面荭榔”（一种植物？），捣碎各种花叶做成饼。这一天江上摆出龙舟，称为“出水龙”，潮田地区的耕作开始了。五月初一到初五，用粽心草捆扎黍米，外面包上柊叶（做粽子），象征阴阳包裹。妇女用兰草汤沐浴，饮用菖蒲酒和雄黄酒，以避不祥。士人男女乘坐画舫，在海珠石附近观看龙舟竞渡，向疍家女的小艇购买花果。夏至日杀狗祭祀以防御蛊毒。农民再次播种，称为“晚禾”。小暑时节有小的收成，大暑时节则有大的收成。随收割随插秧，大约一百天后可以收获。七月初七是七夕节，称为“七娘会”，向织女乞求智巧，用“天孙圣水”（七夕的雨水或河水）沐浴，用素馨花、茉莉花结成高高翘起船尾的小艇，用翠鸟羽毛做船篷，在飘着沉香的河浦上泛游，模仿天上的星槎。七月十四日祭祀祖先祠堂和无主孤魂（厉鬼），举行盂兰盆会。人们互赠龙眼、槟榔，称为“结缘”；潮州地区则称为“结星”。七月二十五日传说是安期生升仙的日子，人们去蒲涧（地名）采集菖蒲，在“韸々水”（特定地点的水？）中洗濯。八月“蓼花水”（秋汛）到来，如果此时月光明亮，则预示当年珍珠会丰收。制作象征月亮的大饼。喝桂花酒，剥芋头吃。芋头有十四种，其中黄色的最为名贵。九月初九重阳节，携带花糕、插茱萸、饮菊花酒，登上五层楼（镇海楼）和双塔（光孝寺、六榕寺塔）放飞带有响弓的风筝。霜降时节再次祭扫祖先坟墓。各个街坊设坛做法事（斋醮）以禳除彗星等灾祸。十月十五是下元节。天气开始转冷，人们才脱去细麻、葛布做的夏衣。农民再次收获稻谷。用饼和菜犒劳耕牛。搭建棚寮（“寮”）用土法榨甘蔗制作糖霜。冬至称为“亚岁”（仅次于过年），吃鱼生（“鲙”），举行家庭宴会称为“团冬”。祭墓则称为“挂冬”（在墓上挂纸钱等）。腊月二十九（“小除”）祭祀土地神。用花色豆子撒遍屋内外驱邪。第二天（除夕）酿酒用于辞旧迎新，称为“分岁”，也叫“团年”。除夕夜举行祭祀，称为“送年”。用草木灰在路上画弓箭形状以“射”鬼祟。用苏木（一种红色染料）染红鸡蛋吃。用火把照亮道路，称为“卖冷”（驱赶寒冷和鬼祟）。

英文

On the Spring Commencement day (Lichun), officials welcome Gou Mang (God of Spring) and the clay ox. Gou Mang is also called 'Ao Chun Tong' (Spring-Twisting Boy); if he wears a hat, spring will be warm, otherwise cold. If the clay ox is red, it predicts drought; if black, floods. People compete to sprinkle red beans and five-colored rice on the ox to dispel diseases for the year. Plastering the stove with clay from the ox is believed to fatten the six domestic animals. On New Year's Day (Yuanri), people pay respects to each other, set off firecrackers, eat fried dumplings (jiandui), white cakes (baibing), sand-filled cakes (shayong), and drink cypress leaf wine. On the Lantern Festival (Yuanxi, 15th day of the 1st month), lanterns are hung and 'qi huo' fireworks are lit. Ten households together set off 'yan huo' fireworks, and five households set off 'hua tong' (flower tube) fireworks. Revelers often carry ivory incense tubes in their sleeves and play 'Shiba Xian' (a game or tune) for amusement. Inside and outside the city walls, there are a hundred troupes performing lion, elephant, dragon, and phoenix dances, and another hundred troupes dressing children as historical or mythological figures ('gu shi' performances). They make land dragon boats, over ten zhang (tens of meters) long, rotated by wheels. Performers in brocade robes and Japanese-style hats wave flags, beat drums, and dance with precious lanterns on the boats. During the day, people kick shuttlecocks (jianzi) at the Five Immortals Temple. There are large and small shuttlecocks; commoners kick the large ones, while children of wealthy families kick the small ones. People sing 'Bo Dou Ge' (a type of antiphonal folk song), wearing duck-tongue caps and camel hair clothes, standing or walking on benches. The east side sings, the west responds; the west teases, the east explains. Lyrics invariably use puns and mix elegant and vernacular styles. About 30% of the songs derive from the 'Du Qu' of the Jin Dynasty, 40% from the 'Mo Yu Ge' (Fishing Songs) of Eastern Guangdong, and the remaining 30% from the 'Zhuzhi Ci' (Bamboo Branch Songs) of the Tang Dynasty. Spectators come from nearly a hundred li away, bringing unusual items as prizes or offerings ('qing tou'). Lantern masters also create riddles, displayed in the main streets with rewards, called 'Deng Xin' (Lantern Messages/Trust). In the second month, spring farming ('dong zuo') begins. On She Ri (Soil God Day), people pray for a good harvest. Shamans visit homes to perform exorcism rituals. On the full moon day (Wang Ri), markets for farm tools and oxen are held, called 'Li Pa Hui' (Plough and Harrow Fair). During the Qingming Festival, people visit ancestral graves, called 'Bai Qing' (Paying respects at Qingming); the day before is 'Hua Qing' (Marking Qingming). New graves must be visited on Qingming Day itself, called 'Ying Qing' (Responding to Qingming). The 23rd day of the third month is the Tianfei (Mazu) Festival ('Tianfei Hui'). Daoist ceremonies (jian jiao) are held, and children are dressed up for performances, similar to the Lantern Festival, with a hundred troupes featuring precious horses and decorated platforms. In Foshan, the Shangsi Festival (3rd day of the 3rd month) is celebrated as the Zhenwu (True Warrior God) Festival ('Zhenwu Hui'), with large firecrackers set off. The 8th day of the fourth month is Buddha Bathing Day. People gather 'mian hong lang' (?) and pound various flower petals into cakes. On this day, dragon boats are displayed on the river, called 'Chu Shui Long' (Dragons Emerging from Water), and farming begins in the tidal fields. From the 1st to the 5th day of the fifth month, glutinous rice is tied with 'zong xin cao' (reed?) and wrapped in zhong leaves (to make zongzi), symbolizing the wrapping of Yin and Yang. Women bathe in orchid-scented water ('lan tang') and drink calamus and realgar wine to ward off misfortune. Scholars and ladies take painted boats to watch the dragon boat races near Haizhu Island, buying flowers and fruits from the Tanka women's small boats. On the Summer Solstice, dogs are sacrificed to ward off 'Gu' poison. Farmers sow seeds again for the 'late rice'. During Minor Heat (Xiaoshu), there is a small harvest; during Major Heat (Dashu), a large harvest. Sowing immediately follows harvesting, with crops typically maturing in about 100 days. The 7th day of the seventh month is Qixi Festival, called 'Qi Niang Hui' (Seven Sisters Festival). People pray for skills ('qi qiao'), bathe in 'Heavenly Granddaughter's Holy Water' (rain or river water on Qixi), and make small boats with high sterns decorated with jasmine and mock jasmine flowers. Kingfisher feathers are used for awnings, and they float on the 'Agarwood Stream' (Chenxiang zhi Pu), symbolizing the celestial 'Star Raft' (Xing Cha). On the 14th day, sacrifices are made at ancestral shrines and to wandering ghosts ('Ci Li') for the Ullambana Festival (Yulan Hui). People exchange longans and betel nuts, called 'Jie Yuan' (Tying Affinity/Roundness); in Chaozhou, it's called 'Jie Xing' (Tying Stars). The 25th day is said to be the day Anqi Sheng ascended to immortality. People go to Pujian to gather calamus and wash in the '韸々' water (water from a specific place?). In the eighth month, the 'Smartweed Flower Water' (autumn flood) arrives. If the moon is bright during this time, it predicts an abundant pearl harvest that year. Large cakes symbolizing the moon are made. People drink osmanthus wine and peel taro. There are fourteen types of taro, with the yellow variety being the most prized. On the 9th day of the ninth month (Double Ninth Festival), people carry flower cakes, wear dogwood sprigs, drink chrysanthemum wine, climb the Five-Story Pagoda (Zhenhai Tower) and the Twin Pagodas (at Guangxiao Temple and Liurong Temple), and fly whistling kites ('xiang gong yao'). At Frost's Descent (Shuangjiang), people visit ancestral graves again. Various neighborhoods hold Daoist ceremonies ('zhai jiao') to avert calamities associated with comets ('hui'). The 15th day of the tenth month is the Xiayuan Festival (Festival of the Water God). The weather turns cold, and people stop wearing thin ramie and kudzu clothing. Farmers have another harvest. They reward the oxen with cakes and vegetables. Sheds ('liao') are set up to press sugarcane for sugar frost using traditional methods. The Winter Solstice is called 'Ya Sui' (Second New Year). People eat raw fish slices ('kuai') and have family banquets called 'Tuan Dong' (Winter Gathering). Visiting graves is called 'Gua Dong' (Hanging [offerings] for Winter). On the day before Lunar New Year's Eve ('Xiao Chu'), sacrifices are made to the local earth god (She). Colorful beans ('hua dou') are scattered around the house for exorcism. The next day (New Year's Eve), wine is made for dividing the year ('fen sui'), also called 'Tuan Nian' (Reunion Year). On New Year's Eve ('Sui Chu'), sacrifices are held, called 'Song Nian' (Sending off the Year). Bows and arrows are drawn on the road with ash to 'shoot' evil spirits. Chicken eggs dyed red with sappanwood ('sumu') are eaten. Roads are illuminated with torches, called 'Mai Leng' (Selling the Cold, i.e., driving away cold and evil).

文化解读/分析

“广州时序”是《广东新语》中极为宝贵的一篇民俗志，系统地记录了明末清初广州地区一年四季的节日庆典、农事活动、社会风俗和民间信仰。它生动地描绘了一幅丰富多彩、充满活力的广府社会生活画卷。

1. 时令性与周期性：该篇章以时间为轴，清晰展现了传统社会生活与自然节律、农业周期的紧密结合。从立春迎春、二月春耕、夏至晚播、小暑大暑收获，到秋收、冬藏，农事活动贯穿全年，并伴随着相应的祈祷（社日祈年）、庆祝（饷牛）和禁忌仪式。
2. 官民互动与社会分层：记录了官方主持的仪式（迎勾芒土牛），也详述了民间的自发庆祝（元夕烟火、陆龙船、踢毽子、伯斗歌）。同时，提及踢毽子大小之分反映了市井百姓与富家子弟的不同娱乐方式，体现了一定的社会分层。
3. 信仰多元与习合：展现了儒家（祭祖、孝道伦理）、道教（天妃会、真武会、下元节、斋醮禳灾）、佛教（浴佛节、盂兰盆会）以及大量民间信仰（勾芒土牛占卜、洒豆驱邪、磔犬御蛊、菖蒲雄黄辟邪、卖冷）的融合共存。对神灵（勾芒、天妃、真武、土地神）、祖先和孤魂（厉）的祭祀贯穿全年，反映了人们祈求丰收、平安、驱邪避灾的普遍心理。
4. 浓郁的地方特色：文中提及许多具有鲜明广府特色的习俗、食物和活动，如煎堆、沙壅、伯斗歌（及其构成来源）、陆龙船、天妃会、海珠观竞渡、向疍家购花果、结圆（区别于潮州的结星）、登五层楼双塔、食鲙、挂冬、卖冷等。这些细节为研究广府乃至岭南地区的民俗文化提供了珍贵的第一手资料。
5. 娱乐与社交：节日庆典为民众提供了丰富的娱乐和社交机会，如元宵灯会、舞狮舞龙、扮故事、踢毽子、唱对歌、观竞渡、登高放风筝、家庭团聚（团冬、团年）等，极大地丰富了社会生活。
   总之，“广州时序”不仅是一份节俗清单，更是一面映照彼时广州社会结构、经济活动、精神信仰和文化心理的镜子，具有极高的历史文献价值和民俗研究价值。

关键词

广州, 时序, 节俗, 民俗, 立春, 勾芒, 土牛, 元日, 拜年, 爆竹, 煎堆, 柏酒, 元夕, 灯会, 烟火, 舞狮, 陆龙船, 踢毽子, 五仙观, 伯斗歌, 灯谜, 社日, 犁耙会, 清明, 拜清, 天妃会, 妈祖, 佛山, 真武会, 上巳节, 浴佛节, 龙舟, 端午节, 粽子, 兰汤, 雄黄酒, 竞渡, 海珠, 疍家, 夏至, 蛊毒, 晚禾, 七夕, 七娘会, 乞巧, 盂兰盆会, 结圆, 安期生, 蒲涧, 中秋节, 桂花酒, 芋头, 重阳节, 花糕, 登高, 风筝, 霜降, 禳彗, 下元节, 糖霜, 冬至, 亚岁, 鱼生, 团冬, 挂冬, 除夕, 团年, 送年, 卖冷, 屈大均, 广东新语, 事语